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CONTENTS
Volume 33, Number 6, December25 2019
 

Abstract
In this article, a simple and robust multi-objective assessment method to control design angles and node positions connected among steel outrigger truss members is proposed to approve both structural safety and economical cost. For given outrigger member layouts, the present method utilizes general-purpose prototypes of outrigger members, having resistance to withstand lateral load effects directly applied to tall buildings, which conform to variable connecting node and design space deposition. Outrigger layouts are set into several initial design conditions of height to width of an arbitrary given design space, i.e., variable design space. And then they are assessed in terms of a proposed multi-objective function optimizing both minimal total displacement and material quantity subjected to design impact factor indicating the importance of objectives. To evaluate the proposed multi-objective function, an analysis model uses a modified Maxwell-Mohr method, and an optimization model is defined by a ground structure assuming arbitrary discrete straight members. It provides a new robust assessment model from a local design point of view, as it may produce specific optimal prototypes of outrigger layouts corresponding to arbitrary height and width ratio of design space. Numerical examples verify the validity and robustness of the present assessment method for controlling prototypes of outrigger truss members considering a multi-objective optimization achieving structural safety and material cost.

Key Words
localized outrigger layout; multi-objective optimization; variable geometric connecting node; space deposition; robustness

Address
(1) Dongkyu Lee, Jaehong Lee:
Department of Architectural Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, Republic of Korea;
(2) Joowon Kang:
School of Architecture, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk, 38541, Republic of Korea.

Abstract
This paper presents a new efficient approach to estimate the S-N type fatigue life assessment curve for S550 high strength steels under low-cycle actions at –60°C. The proposed approach combines a single set of monotonic tension test and one set of fatigue tests to determine the key material damage parameters in the continuum damage mechanics framework. The experimental program in this study examines both the material response under low-cycle actions. The microstructural mechanisms revealed by the Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) at the low temperature, furthermore, characterizes the effect due to different strain ratios and low temperature on the low-cycle fatigue life of S550 steels. Anchored on the experimental results, this study validates the S-N curve determined from the proposed approach. The S-N type curve determined from one set of fatigue tests and one set of monotonic tension tests estimates the fatigue life of all specimens under different strain ratios satisfactorily.

Key Words
low-cycle fatigue; low temperature; continuum damage mechanics; cyclic material property; mean stress relaxation

Address
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Centre for Offshore Research and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576.


Abstract
Concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) beam-columns are widely used owing to their good performance. They have high strength, ductility, large energy absorption capacity and low costs. Externally stiffened CFST beam-columns are not used widely due to insufficient design equations that consider all parameters affecting their behavior. Therefore, effect of various parameters (global, local slenderness ratio and adding hoop stiffeners) on the behavior of CFST columns is studied. An experimental study that includes twenty seven specimens is conducted to determine the effect of those parameters. Load capacities, vertical deflections, vertical strains and horizontal strains are all recorded for every specimen. Ratio between outer diameter (D) of pipes and thickness (t) is chosen to avoid local buckling according to different limits set by codes for the maximum D/t ratio. The study includes two loading methods on composite sections: steel only and steel with concrete. The case of loading on steel only, occurs in the connection zone, while the other load case occurs in steel beam connecting externally with the steel column wall. Two failure mechanisms of CFST columns are observed: yielding and global buckling. At early loading stages, steel wall in composite specimens dilated more than concrete so no full bond was achieved which weakened strength and stiffness of specimens. Adding stiffeners to the specimens increases the ultimate load by up to 25% due to redistribution of stresses between stiffener and steel column wall. Finally, design equations previously prepared are verified and found to be only applicable for medium and long columns.

Key Words
steel-concrete; composite columns; experimental study; stiffeners

Address
(1) Ahmed F. Deifalla:
Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Future University in Egypt, End of 90th St., Fifth Settlement, New Cairo, Cairo 11865, Egypt;
(2) Fattouh M. Fattouh, Ibrahim S. Hussein:
Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Helwan University Ain Helwan 11795, Cairo, Egypt;
(3) Mona M. Fawzy:
Structural Engineering, Higher Institute of Engineering, El-Shorouk Academy, Nakheel district 11837, Cairo, Egypt.

Abstract
In this work, a simple four-variable integral plate theory is employed for examining the thermal buckling properties of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates. The proposed kinematics considers integral terms which include the effect of transverse shear deformations. Material characteristics and thermal expansion coefficient of the ceramic-metal FGM sandwich plate faces are supposed to be graded in the thickness direction according to a "simple power-law" variation in terms of the "volume fractions" of the constituents. The central layer is always homogeneous and consists of an isotropic material. The thermal loads are supposed as uniform, linear, and nonlinear temperature rises within the thickness direction. The influences of geometric ratios, gradient index, loading type, and type sandwich plate on the buckling properties are examined and discussed in detail.

Key Words
ceramic; metal; FGM; sandwich plate; thermal buckling; HSDT

Address
(1) Fethi Salah, Abdelnour Benzair, Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla, Abdeldjebbar Tounsi:
Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-échelle, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Département de Physique, Université de Sidi Bel Abbs, Algeria;
(2) Belhadj Boucham:
Laboratory of Mechanics of Structures and Solids (LMSS), Faculty of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Sidi Bel Abbes University, Algeria;
(3) Fouad Bourada, Abdeldjebbar Tounsi:
Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria;
(4) Fouad Bourada:
Département des Sciences et de la Technologie, centre universitaire de Tissemsilt, BP 38004 Ben Hamouda, Algeria;
(5) Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla:
Centre Universitaire de Relizane, Algérie;
(6) Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract
Spiral welded tubes (SWTs) are fabricated by helically bending a steel plate and welding the resulting abutting edges. The cost-effectiveness of concrete-filled steel tube (CFST) columns can be enhanced by utilising such SWTs rather than the more conventional longitudinal seam welded tubes. Even though the steel-concrete interface bond strength of such concrete-filled spiralwelded steel tubes (CF-SWSTs) is an important consideration in relation to ensuring composite behaviour of such elements, especially at connections, it has not been investigated in detail to date. CF-SWSTs warrant separate consideration of their bond behaviour to CFSTs of other tube types due to the distinct weld seam geometry and fabrication induced surface imperfection patterns of SWTs. To address this research gap, axial push-out tests on forty CF-SWSTs were carried out where the effects of tube material, outside diameter (D), outside diameter to wall thickness (D/t), length of the steel-concrete interface (L) and concrete strength grade (f'c) were investigated. D, D/t and L/D values in the range 102-305 mm, 51-152.5 and 1.8-5.9 were considered while two nominal concrete grades, 20 MPa and 50 MPa, were used for the tests. The test results showed that the push-out bond strengths of CF-SWSTs of both mild-steel and stainless-steel were either similar to or greater than those of comparable CFSTs of other tube types. The bond strengths obtained experimentally for the tested CF-SWSTs, irrespective of the tube material type, were found to be well predicted by the guidelines contained in AISC-360.

Key Words
bond strength; push-out tests; spiral-welded tubes; mild-steel; stainless-steel; analytical models

Address
(1) Chi K. Loke, Yasoja K.R. Gunawardena, Farhad Aslani:
Materials and Structures Innovation Group, School of Engineering, The University ofWestern Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia;
(2) vFarhad Aslani:
School of Engineering, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA 6027, Australia;
(3) Brian Uy:
School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW2006, Australia.

Abstract
A type of hybrid core made up of thin-walled square carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) honeycomb and Polymethacrylimide (PMI) foam fillers was proposed and prepared. Numerical model of the core under quasi static compression was established and validated by corresponding experimental results. The compressive properties of the core with different configurations were analyzed through numerical simulations. The effect of the geometrical parameters and foam fillers on the compressive response and energy absorption of the core were analyzed. The results show that the PMI foam fillers can significantly improve the compressive strength and energy absorption capacity of the square CFRP honeycomb. The geometrical parameters have marked effects on the compressive properties of the core. The research can give a reference for the application of PMI foam materials in energy absorbing structures and guide the design and optimization of lightweight and energy efficient cores of sandwiches.

Key Words
CFRP; honeycomb; PMI foam filler; quasi static; compressive property; numerical simulation

Address
School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, 200 Xiaolingwei Street, Nanjing 210094, P. R. China.


Abstract
One way to achieve sustainable construction is to reduce concrete consumption by use of more sustainable and higher strength concrete. Modern building codes do not cover the use of ultra-high strength concrete (UHSC) in the design of composite structures. Against such background, this paper investigates experimentally the mechanical properties of steel fibre-reinforced UHSC and then the structural behaviors of UHSC encased steel (CES) members under both concentric and eccentric compressions as well as pure bending. The effects of steel-fibre dosage and spacing of stirrups were studied, and the applicability of Eurocode 4 design approach was checked. The test results revealed that the strength of steel stirrups could not be fully utilized to provide confinement to the UHSC. The bond strength between UHSC and steel section was improved by adding the steel fibres into the UHSC. Reducing the spacing of stirrups or increasing the dosage of steel fibres was beneficial to prevent premature spalling of the concrete cover thus mobilize the steel section strength to achieve higher compressive capacity. Closer spacing of stirrups and adding 0.5% steel fibres in UHSC enhanced the post-peak ductility of CES columns. It is concluded that the code-specified reduction factors applied to the concrete strength and moment resistance can account for the loss of load capacity due to the premature spalling of concrete cover and partial yielding of the encased steel section.

Key Words
concrete encased steel column; ultra-high strength concrete; steel fibres; compressive/flexural/beam-column behaviors; plastic design approach; ductility

Address
(1) Yong Du, Jian Zhu:
College of Civil Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China;
(2) Yong Du, Ming-Xiang Xiong, J.Y. Richard Liew:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore, 117576, Singapore;
(3) Ming-Xiang Xiong:
Protective Structures Centre, School of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou, China.

Abstract
The current article proposed to develop a geometrical model for the analysis and modelling of the uniaxial functionally graded structure using the higher-order displacement kinematics with and without the presence of porosity including the distribution. Additionally, the formulation is capable of modelling three different kinds of grading patterns i.e., Power-law, sigmoid and exponential distribution of the individual constituents through the thickness direction. Also, the model includes the distribution of porosity (even and uneven kind) through the panel thickness. The structural governing equation of the porous graded structure is obtained (Hamilton\'s principle) and solved mathematically by means of the isoparametric finite element technique. Initially, the linear frequency parameters are obtained for different geometrical configuration via own computer code. The comparison and the corresponding convergence studies are performed for the unidirectional FG structure for the validation purpose. Finally, the impact of different influencing parameters like aspect ratio (O), thickness ratio (S), curvature ratio (R/h), porosity index (

Key Words
functionally graded materials; porosity; grading pattern; higher-order shear deformation theory; effective material properties

Address
(1) Prashik Malhari Ramteke, Subrata K. Panda:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, NIT Rourkela, Rourkela-769008, Sundergarh, Odisha, India;
(2) Nitin Sharma:
School of Mechanical Engineering, KIIT Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar-751024, Odisha, India.

Abstract
The developments of double skin composite (DSC) walls with novel enhanced C-channel connectors (DSCW-EC) were reported. Followed axial compression tests on prototype walls were carried to evaluate structural performances of this novel DSC composite structures. The testing program consists of five specimens and focused on the layout of the novel enhanced C-channel (EC) connectors, which include the web direction of C-channels, steel-faceplate thickness, vertical and horizontal spacing of Cchannels. Crushing in concrete core and buckling of steel faceplate were two main observed failed modes from the compression tests. However, elastic or plastic buckling of the steel faceplate varies with designed parameters in different specimens. The influences of those investigated parameters on axial compressive behaviors of DSCW-ECs were analyzed and discussed. Recommendations on the layout of novel EC connectors were then given based on these test results and discussions. This paper also developed analytical models for predictions on ultimate compressive resistance of DSCW-ECs. Validation against the reported test results show that the developed theoretical models predict well the ultimate compressive resistance of DSCW-ECs.

Key Words
double skin composite structure; compressive test; shear connectors; composite walls; prototype tests; analytical models; C-channel

Address
(1) Jia-Bao Yan:
Key Laboratory of Coast Civil Structure Safety of Ministry of Education, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
(2) Jia-Bao Yan, An-Zhen Chen:
School of Civil Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China;
(3) Tao Wang:
Key Laboratory of Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, Institute of Engineering Mechanics, CEA, Harbin 150080, China.

Abstract
This study considers the instability behavior of sandwich plates considering magnetorheological (MR) fluid core and piezoelectric reinforced facesheets. As facesheets at the top and bottom of structure have piezoelectric properties they are subjected to 3D electric field therefore they can be used as actuator and sensor, respectively and in order to control the vibration responses and loss factor of the structure a proportional-derivative (PD) controller is applied. Furthermore, Halpin-Tsai model is used to determine the material properties of facesheets which are reinforced by graphene platelets (GPLs). Moreover, because the core has magnetic property, it is exposed to magnetic field. In addition, Kelvin-Voigt theory is applied to calculate the structural damping of the piezoelectric layers. In order to consider environmental forces applied to structure, the visco-Pasternak model is assumed. In order to consider the mechanical behavior of structure, sinusoidal shear deformation theory (SSDT) is assumed and Hamilton's principle according to piezoelasticity theory is employed to calculate motion equations and these equations are solved based on differential cubature method (DCM) to obtain the vibration and modal loss factor of the structure subsequently. The effect of different factors such as GPLs distribution, dimensions of structure, electro-magnetic field, damping of structure, viscoelastic environment and boundary conditions of the structure on the vibration and loss factor of the system are considered. In order to indicate the accuracy of the obtained results, the results are validated with other published work. It is concluded from results that exposing magnetic field to the MR fluid core has positive effect on the behavior of the system.

Key Words
vibration and loss factor analysis; sinusoidal shear deformation theory; visco-piezoelectric structure; PD controller; magnetorheological fluid; graphene platelets

Address
(1) Arameh Eyvazian, Abdel Magid Hamouda, Faris Tarlochan:
Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Department, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar;
(2) Faris Tarlochan:
Qatar Transportation and Traffic Safety Center, College of Engineering, Qatar University, Qatar;
(3) Saeid Mohsenizadeh:
School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Johor Bahru, Malaysia;
(4) Ali Ahmadi Dastjerdi:
Mechanical Engineering Department, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.

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