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CONTENTS
Volume 9, Number 3, September 2022
 


Abstract
Among nondestructive damage detection methods, impedance-based methods have been recognized as an effective technique for damage identification in many kinds of structures. This paper proposes a method to detect cracks in metal structures by combining electro-mechanical impedance (EMI) responses and artificial neural networks (ANN). Firstly, the theories of EMI responses and impedance-based damage detection methods are described. Secondly, the reliability of numerical simulations for impedance responses is demonstrated by comparing to pre-published results for an aluminum beam. Thirdly, the proposed method is used to detect cracks in the beam. The RMSD (root mean square deviation) index is used to alarm the occurrence of the cracks, and the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) ANN is employed to identify the location and size of the cracks. The selection of the effective frequency range is also investigated. The analysis results reveal that the proposed method accurately detects the cracks' occurrence, location, and size in metal structures.

Key Words
artificial neural network; crack; damage detection; electro-mechanical impedance; structural health monitoring

Address
(1) Duc-Duy Ho, Minh-Nhan Pham:
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
(2) Duc-Duy Ho, Tran-Huu-Tin Luu, Minh-Nhan Pham:
Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
(3) Tran-Huu-Tin Luu:
Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Campus in Ben Tre, Ben Tre, Vietnam.

Abstract
This paper studies detecting and locating loose bolts using nonlinear guided waves. The 3D Finite Element (FE) simulation is used for the prediction of guided waves' interactions with loose bolted joints. The numerical results are verified by experimentally obtained data. The study considers bolted joints consisting of two bolts. It is shown that the guided waves' interaction with surfaces of a loose bolted joint generates Contact Acoustic Nonlinearity (CAN). The study uses CAN for detecting and locating loose bolts. The processed experimentally obtained data show that the CAN is able to successfully detect and locate loose bolted joints. A 3D FE simulation scheme is developed and validated by experimentally obtained data. It is shown that FE can predict the propagation of guided waves in loose bolts and is also able to detect and locate them. Several numerical case studies with various bolt sizes are created and studied using the validated 3D FE simulation approach. It is shown that the FE simulation modeling approach and the signal processing scheme used in the current study are able to detect and locate the loose bolts in imperfect bolted joints. The outcomes of this research can provide better insights into understanding the interaction of guided waves with loose bolts. The results can also enhance the maintenance and repair of imperfect joints using the nonlinear guided waves technique.

Key Words
3D finite element; anti-asymmetric guided waves; contact acoustic nonlinearity; damage detection; damage localization; imperfect bolted joints

Address
College of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Australian University, Kuwait.


Abstract
This study explores the use of the recently developed "strain-sensing smart skin" (S4) method for noncontact strain measurements on cement-based samples. S4 sensors are single-wall carbon nanotubes dilutely embedded in thin polymer films. Strains transmitted to the nanotubes cause systematic shifts in their near-infrared fluorescence spectra, which are analyzed to deduce local strain values. It is found that with cement-based materials, this method is hampered by spectral interference from structured near-infrared cement luminescence. However, application of an opaque blocking layer between the specimen surface and the nanotube sensing film enables interference-free strain measurements. Tests were performed on cement, mortar, and concrete specimens with such modified S4 coatings. When specimens were subjected to uniaxial compressive stress, the spectral peak separations varied linearly and predictably with induced strain. These results demonstrate that S4 is a promising emerging technology for measuring strains down to ca. 30 με in concrete structures.

Key Words
concrete; near-infrared fluorescence; non-contact strain sensing; single-walled carbon nanotubes; structural health monitoring

Address
(1) Wei Meng, Satish Nagarajaiah:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA;
(2) Jafarali Parol:
Energy and Building Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Shuwaikh, Kuwait;
(3) Sergei M. Bachilo, R. Bruce Weisman:
Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA;
(4) R. Bruce Weisman, Satish Nagarajaiah:
Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA;
(5) Satish Nagarajaiah:
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA.

Abstract
This study investigates the bending behavior of a composite concrete slab roof with different methods of externally strengthing using steel plates and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) strips. First, the concrete slab model which was reinforced with CFRP strips on the bottom surface of it is validated using experimental data, and then, using numerical modeling, 7 different models of square-shaped composite slab roofs are developed in ABAQUS software using the finite element modeling. Developed models include steel rebar reinforced concrete slab with variable thickness of CFRP and steel plates. Considering the control sample which has no external reinforcement, a set of 8 different reinforcement states has been investigated. Each of these 8 states is examined with 6 different uncertainties in terms of the properties of the materials in the construction of concrete slabs, which make 48 numerical models. In all models loading process is continued until complete failure occurs. The results from numerical investigations showed using the steel plates as an executive method for strengthening, the bending capacity of reinforced concrete slabs is increased in the ultimate bearing capacity of the slab by about 1.69 to 2.48 times. Also using CFRP strips, the increases in ultimate bearing capacity of the slab were about 1.61 to 2.36 times in different models with different material uncertainties.

Key Words
composite FRPs; external reinforcement; reinforced concrete slab; steel deck

Address
(1) Saeed Najafi:
Department of Earthquake Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran;
(2) Shahin Borzoo:
Lifeline Earthquake Engineering Department, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract
In this study, the impact of assigned pixel labels on the accuracy of crack image identification of steel structures is examined by using an atrous separable convolution neural network (ASCNN). Firstly, images containing fatigue cracks collected from steel structures are classified into four datasets by assigning different pixel labels based on image features. Secondly, the DeepLab v3+ algorithm is used to determine optimal parameters of the ASCNN model by maximizing the average mean-intersection-over-union (mIoU) metric of the datasets. Thirdly, the ASCNN model is trained for various image sizes and hyper-parameters, such as the learning rule, learning rate, and epoch. The optimal parameters of the ASCNN model are determined based on the average mIoU metric. Finally, the trained ASCNN model is evaluated by using 10% untrained images. The result shows that the ASCNN model can segment cracks and other objects in the captured images with an average mIoU of 0.716.

Key Words
atrous convolution; crack identification; Deeplabv3+ network; semantic segmentation; steel structure; vision image

Address
(1) Quoc-Bao Ta, Quang-Quang Pham, Hyeon-Dong Kam, Jeong-Tae Kim:
Department of Ocean Engineering, Pukyong National University, Nam-gu, Busan 48513, Republic of Korea;
(2) Yoon-Chul Kim:
Department of Civil Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.


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