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CONTENTS
Volume 6, Number 1, March 2018
 


Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles excite researcher interest in biomedical applications due to their low cost, biocompatibility and superparamagnetism properties. Magnetic iron oxide especially magnetite (Fe3O4) possessed a superparamagnetic behaviour at certain nanosize which beneficial for drug and gene delivery, diagnosis and imaging. The properties of nanoparticles mainly depend on their synthesis procedure. There has been a massive effort in developing the best synthetic strategies to yield appropriate physico-chemical properties namely co-precipitation, thermal decomposition, microemulsions, hydrothermal and sol-gel. In this review, it is discovered that magnetite nanoparticles are best yielded by co-precipitation method owing to their simplicity and large production. However, its magnetic saturation is within range of 70-80 emu/g which is lower than thermal decomposition and hydrothermal methods (80-90 emu/g) at 100 nm. Dimension wise, less than 100 nm is produced by co-precipitation method at 70°C-80°C while thermal decomposition and hydrothermal methods could produce less than 50 nm but at very high temperature ranging between 200°C and 300°C. Thus, co-precipitation is the optimum method for pre-compliance magnetite nanoparticles preparation (e.g., 100 nm is fit enough for biomedical applications) since thermal decomposition and hydrothermal required more sophisticated facilities.

Key Words
nano-medicine; chemical synthesis; nano-particles; nanobiotechnology

Address
(1) Ahmad H.M. Yusoff, Midhat N. Salimi:
School of Bioprocess Engineeering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600, Arau, Malaysia;
(2) Mohd F. Jamlos:
School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Arau, Malaysia.

Abstract
In the present article, wave dispersion behavior of a temperature-dependent functionally graded (FG) nanobeam undergoing rotation subjected to thermal loading is investigated according to nonlocal strain gradient theory, in which the stress numerates for both nonlocal stress field and the strain gradient stress field. The small size effects are taken into account by using the nonlocal strain gradient theory which contains two scale parameters. Mori-Tanaka distribution model is considered to express the gradually variation of material properties across the thickness. The governing equations are derived as a function of axial force due to centrifugal stiffening and displacements by applying Hamilton\'s principle according to Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. By applying an analytical solution, the dispersion relations of rotating FG nanobeam are obtained by solving an eigenvalue problem. Obviously, numerical results indicate that various parameters such as angular velocity, gradient index, temperature change, wave number and nonlocality parameter have significant influences on the wave characteristics of rotating FG nanobeams. Hence, the results of this research can provide useful information for the next generation studies and accurate deigns of nanomachines including nanoscale molecular bearings and nanogears, etc.

Key Words
wave propagation; rotating nanobeam; FGMs; nonlocal strain gradient theory

Address
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran.


Abstract
Forced vibration analysis of a cracked functionally graded microbeam is investigated by using modified couple stress theory with damping effect. Mechanical properties of the functionally graded beam change vary along the thickness direction. The crack is modelled with a rotational spring. The Kelvin-Voigt model is considered in the damping effect. In solution of the dynamic problem, finite element method is used within Timoshenko beam theory in the time domain. Influences of the geometry and material parameters on forced vibration responses of cracked functionally graded microbeams are presented.

Key Words
functionally graded materials; microbeam; modified couple stress theory; forced vibration analysis; crack

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Yıldırım Campus, Yıldırım, Bursa 16330, Turkey.


Abstract
In this study, the thermal loading effect on free vibration characteristics of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with multiple cracks is studied. Various boundary conditions for nanotube are taken in to account. In order to take the small scale effect, the nonlocal elasticity of Eringen is employed in the framework of Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. This theory states that the stress at a reference point is a function of strains at all points in the continuum. A cracked nanotube is assumed to be consisted of two segments that are connected by a rotational spring which is located in the position of the cracked section. Hamilton's principle is used to achieve the governing equations. Influences of the nonlocal parameter, crack severity, temperature change and the number of cracks on the system frequencies are investigated. Also, it is found that at room or lower temperature the natural frequency for CNT decreases as the value of temperature change increases, while at temperature higher than room temperature the natural frequency of CNT increases as the value of temperature change increases. Various boundary conditions have been applied to the nanotube.

Key Words
nonlocal elasticity theory; vibration; thermal effect; crack; carbon nanotube

Address
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, P.O.B. 16818-34149, Iran.


Abstract
Biosynthesis of nanoparticles has acquired particular attention due to its economic feasibility, low toxicity and simplicity of the process. Extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles by bacteria and fungi has been stated to be brought about by enzymes and other reducing agents that may be secreted in the culture medium. The present study was carried out to determine the underlying mechanisms of extracellular silver nanoparticle synthesis by Pseudomonas hibiscicola isolated from the effluent of an electroplating industry in Mumbai. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by spectroscopy and electron microscopic techniques. Protein profiling studies were done using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (1D-SDS PAGE) and subjected to identification by Mass Spectrometry. Characterization studies revealed synthesis of 50 nm nanoparticles of welldefined morphology. Total protein content and SDS PAGE analysis revealed a reduction of total protein content in test (nanoparticles solution) samples when compared to controls (broth supernatant). 45.45% of the proteins involved in the process of nanoparticle synthesis were identified to be oxidoreductases and are thought to be involved in either reduction of metal ions or capping of synthesized nanoparticles.

Key Words
bio-inspired nanomaterials; silver nanoparticles; biosynthesis; nanobiotechnology; nanobiotechnology

Address
(1) Kapil Punjabi, Sunita Deshpande:
Department of Clinical Pathology, Haffkine Institute for Training, Research and Testing, Mumbai, India;
(2) Shraddha Mehta, Sandeepan Mukherjee:
Department of Virology& Immunology, Haffkine Institute for Training, Research and Testing, Mumbai, India;
(3) Snehal Yedurkar:
Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Khalsa College, Mumbai, India;
(4) Rajesh Jain:
Department of Pharmacology, Bombay College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, India;
(5) Avinash Kale:
UM-DAE Centre for Excellence in Basic Sciences, University of Mumbai, Mumbai, India.


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