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CONTENTS
Volume 14, Number 2, February 2018
 


Abstract
Seismic fragility curves of concrete cylindrical tanks are determined using the finite element method. Vulnerabilities including sloshing of contents, tensile cracking and compression failure of the tank wall due to bending are accounted for. Effects of wall flexibility, fixity at the base, and height-diameter ratio on the response are investigated. Tall, medium and squat tanks are considered. The dynamic analysis is implemented using the horizontal components of consistent earthquakes. The study shows that generally taller tanks are more vulnerable to all of the failure modes considered. Among the modes of failure, the bending capacity of wall was shown to be the critical design parameter.

Key Words
earthquake; concrete cylindrical tank; fragility curve; finite element method; vulnerability

Address
Mohammad Yazdabad, Farhad Behnamfar and Abdolreza K. Samani: Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Esfahan 8415683111, Iran

Abstract
In this work, a simple but accurate hyperbolic plate theory for the free vibration analysis of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates is developed. The significant feature of this formulation is that, in addition to including the shear deformation effect, it deals with only 3 unknowns as the classical plate theory (CPT), instead of 5 as in the well-known first shear deformation theory (FSDT) and higher-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). A shear correction factor is, therefore, not required. Two common types of FGM sandwich plates are considered, namely, the sandwich with the FGM face sheet and the homogeneous core and the sandwich with the homogeneous face sheet and the FGM core. The equation of motion for the FGM sandwich plates is obtained based on Hamilton‟s principle. The closed form solutions are obtained by using the Navier technique. The fundamental frequencies are found by solving the eigenvalue problems. Numerical results of the present theory are compared with the CPT, FSDT, order shear deformation theories (HSDTs), and 3D solutions. Verification studies show that the proposed theory is not only accurate and simple in solving the free vibration behaviour of FGM sandwich plates, but also comparable with the higher-order shear deformation theories which contain more number of unknowns.

Key Words
sandwich plate; functionally graded material; a simple 3-unknown theory

Address
Zakaria Belabed: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; Department of Technology, Institute of Science and Technology, Center University of Naama, Algeria
Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-échelle, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences Exactes,
Département de Physique, Université de Sidi Bel Abbés, Algeria; Département de Génie Civil, Centre Universitaire de Relizane, Algeria
Mohammed Sid Ahmed Houari: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; Department of Civil Engineering, Université Mustapha Stambouli de Mascara, Mascara, Algeria
Abdelouahed Tounsi: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
S.R. Mahmoud: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
In this research work, free vibrations of simply supported functionally graded plate resting on a Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation are investigated by a new shear deformation theory. The influence of alternative micromechanical models on the macroscopic behavior of a functionally graded plate based on shear-deformation plate theories is examined. Several micromechanical models are tested to obtain the effective material properties of a two-phase particle composite as a function of the volume fraction of particles which continuously varies through the thickness of a functionally graded plate. Present theory exactly satisfies stress boundary conditions on the top and the bottom of the plate. The energy functional of the system is obtained using Hamilton\'s principle. The closed form solutions are obtained by using Navier technique, and then fundamental frequencies are found by solving the results of eigenvalue problems. Finally, the numerical results are provided to reveal the effect of explicit micromechanical models on natural fundamental frequencies.

Key Words
FG plates; micromechanical models; Winkler-Pasternak elastic foundation; a new shear deformation theory; free vibration

Address
Abdelkader Mahmoudi, Samir Benyoucef, Abdelkader Benachour and El Abbas Adda Bedia: Department of Civil Engineering, Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Algeria
Abdelouahed Tounsi: Department of Civil Engineering, Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Algeria; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
The current paper introduces a new approach for development of damage index to obtain the maximum damage in the reinforced concrete frames caused by as-recorded single and consecutive earthquakes. To do so, two sets of strong ground motions are selected based on maximum and approximately maximum peak ground acceleration (PGA) from \"PEER\" and \"USGS\" centers. Consecutive earthquakes in the first and second groups, not only occurred in similar directions and same stations, but also their real time gaps between successive shocks are less than 10 minutes and 10 days, respectively. In the following, a suite of six concrete moment resisting frames, including 3, 5, 7, 10, 12 and 15 stories, are designed in OpenSees software and analyzed for more than 850 times under two groups of as-recorded strong ground motion records with/without seismic sequences phenomena. The idealized multilayer artificial neural networks, with the least value of Mean Square Error (MSE) and maximum value of regression (R) between outputs and targets were then employed to generate the empirical charts and several correction equations for design utilization. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed damage index, calibration of the new approach to existing real data (the result of Park-Ang damage index 1985), were conducted. The obtained results show good precision of the developed ANNs-based model in predicting the maximum damage of regular reinforced concrete frames.

Key Words
seismic sequence; damage index; reinforced concrete frames; empirical charts; artificial neural networks

Address
Gholamreza Ghodrati Amiri and Elham Rajabi: Center of Excellence for Fundamental Studies in Structural Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Correlation among different factors must be considered for selection of influencing factors in safety monitoring of high dam including positive correlation of variables. Therefore, a new factor selection method was constructed based on Copula entropy and mutual information theory, which was deduced and optimized. Considering the small sample size in high dam monitoring and distribution of daily monitoring samples, a computing method that avoids causality of structure as much as possible is needed. The two-dimensional normal information diffusion and fuzzy reasoning of pattern recognition field are based on the weight theory, which avoids complicated causes of the studying structure. Hence, it is used to dam safety monitoring field and simplified, which increases sample information appropriately. Next, a complete system integrating high dam monitoring and uncertainty prediction method was established by combining Copula entropy theory and information diffusion theory. Finally, the proposed method was applied in seepage monitoring of Nuozhadu clay core-wall rockfill dam. Its selection of influencing factors and processing of sample data were compared with different models. Results demonstrated that the proposed method increases the prediction accuracy to some extent.

Key Words
high dam monitoring; composite uncertain information; Copula entropy; information diffusion; fuzzy reasoning

Address
Dongjian Zheng, Xiaoqi Li, Meng Yang, Huaizhi Su and Chongshi Gu: State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; College of Water Conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; National Engineering Research Center of Water Resources Efficient Utilization and Engineering Safety, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China

Abstract
Methods based on nonlinear static analysis as simple tools could be used for the seismic analysis and assessment of structures. In the present study, capability of the N2 method as a well-known nonlinear analysis procedure examines for the estimation of the damage index of multi-storey reinforced concrete frames. In the implemented framework, equivalent singledegree-of-freedom (SDOF) models are utilized for the global damage estimation of multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems. This method does not require high computational analysis and subsequently decreases the required time of seismic design and assessment process. To develop the methodology, RC frames with period range from 0.4 to 2.0 s under 40 records are studied. The effectiveness of proposed technique is evaluated through numerical study under near- and far-field earthquake ground motions. Finally, the results of developed models are compared with two other simplified schemes along with nonlinear time history analysis results of multi-storey frames. To improve the accuracy of damage estimation, a modified relation is presented based on the N2 method results for near- and far-field earthquakes.

Key Words
damage index; equivalent SDOF system; MDOF system; N2 method; near and far-field records

Address
Saman Yaghmaei-Sabegh, Sadaf Zafarvand and Sahar Makaremi: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

Abstract
A roller compacted concrete (RCC) dam should be analyzed under seismic ground motions for different conditions such as empty reservoir and full reservoir conditions. This study presents three-dimensional earthquake response and performance of a RCC dam considering materially non-linearity. For this purpose, Cine RCC dam constructed in Aydin. Turkey, is selected in applications. The three-dimensional finite element model of Cine RCC dam is obtained using ANSYS software. The Drucker-Prager material model is considered in the materially nonlinear time history analyses for concrete and foundation rock. Furthermore, hydrodynamic effect was investigated in linear and non-linear dynamic analyses. Researchers observe that how the tensile and compressive stresses change by hydrodynamic pressure effect. The hydrodynamic pressure of the reservoir water is modeled with the fluid finite elements based on the Lagrangian approach. In this study, dam body and foundation are modeled with welded contact. The displacements and principle stress components obtained from the linear and non-linear analyses with and without reservoir water are compared each other. Principle stresses during earthquake were obtained at the most critical point in the upstream face of dam body. Besides, the change of displacements and stresses by crest length were investigated. Moreover demand-capacity ratio criteria were also studied under linear dynamic and nonlinear analysis. Earthquake performance analyses were carried out for different cases and evaluated. According to linear and nonlinear analysis, hydrodynamic water effect is obvious in full reservoir situation. On the other hand, higher tensile stresses were observed in linear analyses and then non-linear analyses were performed and compared with each other.

Key Words
demand-capacity ratio; Lagrangian approach; non-linear dynamic analysis; performance analysis; roller compacted concrete dam

Address
Murat Emre Kartal: Department of Engineering Faculty, Izmir Democracy University, Izmir, Turkey
Muhammet Karabulut: Department of Civil Engineering, Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey

Abstract
We present the accurate investigation the seismic behavior of the gravity retaining wall built near rock face based on numerical method. The retaining wall is a useful structure in geotechnical engineering, where the earthquake is a common phenomenon; therefore, the evaluation of the behavior of the retaining wall during an earthquake is essential. However, in all previous studies, the backfill behind the wall was usually approximated by a homogeneous region, while in contrast, in practice, in many cases retaining walls are used to support the soil pressure in, inhomogeneous, mountainous area. This suggests an accurate investigation of the problem, i.e., numerical analysis. The numerical results will be compared with some of recently proposed analytical methods to show the accuracy of the proposed method. We show that increasing the volume of the rock face yields decreasing the permanent horizontal displacement of the gravity retaining wall built near rock face. Besides, we see that the permanent horizontal displacement of the gravity retaining wall with homogenous backfill is more than permanent horizontal displacement of the gravity retaining wall case of the built near rock face in different frequency contents.

Key Words
gravity retaining wall; near rock face; seismic behavior; earthquake; numerical method

Address
Hossein Taravati and Alireza Ardakani: Department of Civil Engineering, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran


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