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CONTENTS
Volume 9, Number 4, July 2006
 


Abstract
Several analytical procedures available in literature, for the evaluation of wind induced fatigue damage of structures, either assume the wide band random stress variations as narrow band random process or use correction factors along with narrow band assumption. This paper compares the correction factors obtained using the Rainflow Cycle (RFC) counting of the measured stress time histories on a lamp mast and a lattice tower, with those evaluated using different frequency domain methods available in literature. A Bi-modal spectral method has been formulated by idealising the single spectral moment method into two modes of background and resonant components, as considered in the gust response factor, for the evaluation of fatigue of slender structures subjected to

Key Words
along-wind; background; Bi-modal; closed form approximation; fatigue damage; Gaussian process; measurements; narrow band; rainflow cycles; resonant; simulations; spectral moments; wide band; wind.

Address
Structural Engineering Research Centre, CSIR, Chennai 600 113, India

Abstract
The frequency of a traditional tuned liquid column damper (TLCD) depends solely on the length of liquid column, which imposes certain restrictions on its application to long span cable-stayed bridges during construction. The configuration of a cable-stayed bridge varies from different construction stages and so do its natural frequencies. It is thus difficult to apply TLCD with a fixed configuration to the bridge during construction or it is not economical to design a series of TLCD with different liquid lengths to suit for various construction stages. Semi-active tuned liquid column damper (SATLCD) with adaptive frequency tuning capacity is studied in this paper for buffeting response control of a long span cable-stayed bridge during construction. The frequency of SATLCD can be adjusted by active control of air pressures inside the air chamber at the two ends of the container. The performance of SATLCD for suppressing combined lateral and torsional vibration of a real long span cable-stayed bridge during construction stage is numerically investigated using a finite element-based approach. The finite element model of SATLCD is also developed and incorporated into the finite element model of the bridge for predicting buffeting response of the coupled SATLCD-bridge system in the time domain. The investigations show that with a fixed container configuration, the SATLCD with adaptive frequency tuning can effectively reduce buffeting response of the bridge during various construction stages.

Key Words
semi-active tuned liquid column damper; cantilever construction; lateral and torsional vibration; wind excitation; pressure; parametric studies.

Address
K. M. Shum and Y. L. Xu; Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, ChinarnW. H. Guo; School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410075, P.R. China

Abstract
The concentration of air pollution along roads is higher than the surrounding area because ventilation efficiency has decreased due to the high-density use of space along roads in recent years. In this study, ventilation efficiency around a heavily traffic road covered by an elevated highway and hemmed in along its side by buildings is evaluated using Visitation Frequency (VF, the frequency for pollutant to return to the objective domain) and Purging Flow Rate (PFR, the air flow rate for defining the local domain-averaged concentration). These are analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) based on the standard k-e model. The VF and PFR characteristics of four objective domains are analyzed in terms of the changes in wind direction and arrangements of the fencing dividing up and down direction in the road center under the elevated highway. The resulting VFs are more than 1.0 for all cases, which means that pollutants return to the objective domain restricted by the elevated highway and side buildings. The influence of the arrangement of the buildings around the objective domain and the structure in the domain on the VF is substantial. In cases where there are no obstacles under the elevated highway, the local air exchange rate in the domain tends to be improved. Using these indices, the urban ventilation efficiencies between different urban areas can be compared easily.

Key Words
visitation frequency; purging flow rate; urban ventilation efficiency; air pollution; CFD.

Address
Hong Huang, Shinsuke Kato and Ryozo Ooka; Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, JapanrnTaifeng Jiang; Graduate School of The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan

Abstract
Flow and scalar dispersion around Cheomseongdae are numerically investigated using a three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model with the renormalization group (RNG) k - e turbulence closure scheme. Cheomseongdae is an ancient astronomical observatory in Gyeongju, Korea, and is chosen as a model obstacle because of its unique shape, that is, a cylinder-shaped architectural structure with its radius varying with height. An interesting feature found is a mid-height saddle point behind Cheomseongdae. Different obstacle shapes and corresponding flow convergences help to explain the presence of the saddle point. The predicted size of recirculation zone formed behind Cheomseongdae increases with increasing ambient wind speed and decreases with increasing ambient turbulence intensity. The relative roles of inertial and eddy forces in producing cavity flow zones around an obstacle are conceptually presented. An increase in inertial force promotes flow separation. Consequently, cavity flow zones around the obstacle expand and flow reattachment occurs farther downwind. An increase in eddy force weakens flow separation by mixing momentum there. This results in the contraction of cavity flow zones and flow reattachment occurs less far downwind. An increase in ambient wind speed lowers predicted scalar concentration. An increase in ambient turbulence intensity lowers predicted maximum scalar concentration and acts to distribute scalars evenly.

Key Words
computational fluid dynamics; renormalization group k-e turbulence model; Cheomseongdae; recirculation zone; saddle point; flow reattachment; scalar dispersion.

Address
Jae-Jin Kim; Climate Environment System Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, KorearnHyo-Jong Song and Jong-Jin Baik; School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea

Abstract
The cable-stayed-suspension hybrid bridge is a cooperative system developed from the traditional cable-stayed and suspension bridges, and takes some advantages of the two bridge systems. It is also becoming a competitive design alternative for some long and super long-span bridges. But due to its great flexibility, the flutter stability plays an important role in the design and construction of this bridge system. Considering the geometric nonlinearity of bridge structures and the effects of nonlinear wind-structure interaction, method and its solution procedure of three-dimensional nonlinear flutter stability analysis are firstly presented. Parametric analyses on the flutter stability of a cable-stayed-suspension hybrid bridge with main span of 1400 meters are then conducted by nonlinear flutter stability analysis, some design parameters that significantly influence the flutter stability are pointed out, and the favorable structural system of the bridge is also discussed based on the wind stability.

Key Words
cable-stayed-suspension hybrid bridges; flutter stability; design parameters.

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China


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