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CONTENTS
Volume 26, Number 2, February 2018
 


Abstract
Wind tunnel tests are conducted to investigate wake-induced vibrations of two circular cylinders with a center-to-center spacing of 4 diameters and attack angle varying from 0 to 20 for Reynolds numbers between 18,000 and 168,800. Effects of structural damping, Reynolds number, attack angle and reduced velocity on dynamic responses are examined. Results show that wake-induced vortex vibrations of the downstream cylinder occur in a wider range of the reduced velocity and have higher amplitudes in comparison to the vortex-induced vibration of a single circular cylinder. Two types of wake-induced instability phenomena with distinct dynamic characteristics are observed, which may be due to different generation mechanisms. For small attack angles like 5 and 10, the instability of the downstream cylinder characterizes a one-degree-of-freedom (1-DOF) oscillation moving in the across-wind direction. For a large attack angle like 20, the instability characterizes a two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) oscillation with elliptical trajectories. For an attack angle of 15, the instability can transform from the 1-DOF pattern to the 2-DOF one with the increase of the Reynolds number. Furthermore, the two instabilities show different sensitivity to the structural damping. The 1-DOF instability can be either completely suppressed or reduced to an unsteady oscillation, while the 2-DOF one is relatively less sensitive to the damping level. Reynolds number has important effects on the wake-induced instabilities.

Key Words
two circular cylinders; wind tunnel test; wake-induced vibration; Reynolds number effect

Address
Xiaoqing Du and Benjian Jiang: Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
Chin Dai: Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
Guoyan Wang: School of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Suren Chen: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State University, Colorado, United States

Abstract
Nowadays, using math logic in great civil projects is considered by the clients to achieve the goals of project including quality optimization, costs, avoiding individual, emotional and political decision making, long-term and short-term goals and they are the main requirements of each project and should be considered by the decision makers to avoid the illogical decision making applied on the majority of civil projects and this imposes great financial and spiritual costs on our country. The present study attempts to present one of the civil projects (Ghasre Shirin storage dam) whose client was not ministry of energy for the first time and the short-term and long-term goals of the private sector were applied based on the triangle of quality, cost and time. Also, the math logic and model (multi-criteria decision making method and decision making matrix) is used in one of the most important sections of project, sealing element, policies and new materials (Geosynthetics) are considered and this leads to suitable decision making in this regard. It is worth to mention that this method is used for other sections of a dam including body, water diversion system, diaphragm and other sectors or in other civil projects of building, road construction, etc.

Key Words
Geosynthetics; earth dam; multi-criteria decision making; sealing element

Address
Babak Rashidi, Ehsan Shirangi and Matin Baymaninezhad: Department of Civil Engineering, Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran

Abstract
A large number of low-rise buildings experienced serious roof covering failures under strong wind while few suffered structural damage. Clay and concrete tiles are two main kinds of roof covering. For the tile roof system, few researches were carried out based on Finite Element (FE) analysis due to the difficulty in the simulation of the interface between the tiles and the roof sheathing (the bonding materials, foam or mortar). In this paper, the FE analysis of a single clay or concrete tile with foam-set or mortar-set were built with the interface simulated by the equivalent nonlinear springs based on the mechanical uplift and displacement tests, and they were expanded into the whole roof. A detailed wind tunnel test was carried out at Tongji University to acquire the wind loads on these two kinds of roof tiles, and then the test data were fed into the FE analysis. For the purpose of validation and calibration, the results of FE analysis were compared with the full-scale performance of the tile roofs under simulated strong wind impact through one-of-a-kind Wall of Wind (WoW) apparatus at Florida International University. The results are consistent with the WoW test that the roof of concrete tiles with mortar-set provided the highest resistance, and the material defects or improper construction practices are the key factors to induce the roof tiles\' failure. Meanwhile, the staggered setting of concrete tiles would help develop an interlocking mechanism between the tiles and increase their resistance.

Key Words
tile roof; wind tunnel test; typhoon; wind pressure; FE analysis; displacement

Address
Peng Huang, Huatan Lin, Feng Hu and Ming Gu: State Key Laboratory of Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China

Abstract
For most full-scale tall buildings the Reynolds number of a flow field around a circular cylinder under strong wind is usually greater than 2107, which is difficult to achieve in most wind tunnel tests. To explore the wind characteristics of tall cylindrical buildings with equidirectional grooves from subcritical to transcritical flow (6.6104  Re  3.3105 and 9.9106  Re  7.2107), wind tunnel tests and full-scale large eddy simulations were carried out. The results showed that the rectangular-grooves narrow the wake width due to the downstream movement of the separation point and the deeper grooves cause smaller mean and fluctuating pressure while the peak pressure is little affected. Furthermore, the grooves lead to lower frequency of vortex shedding but the Strouhal number remains at the range from 0.15 to 0.35. The drag coefficient of the cylinders with grooves was found to be 2~3 times as large as that of smooth cylinders.

Key Words
tall cylinder buildings; wind characteristics; wind tunnel test; large eddy simulation

Address
Wei-bin Yuan: College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China;
Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Structures & Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China
Nan-ting Yu: School of Engineering, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, United Kingdom
Zhao Wang: College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, PR China



Abstract
Due to shortage of land and architectural aesthetics, sometimes the buildings are constructed as unconventional in plan. The wind force acts differently according to the plan shape of the building. So, it is of utter importance to study wind force or, more specifically wind pressure on an unconventional plan shaped tall building. To address this issue, this paper demonstrates a comprehensive study on mean pressure coefficient of \'E\' plan shaped tall building. This study has been carried out experimentally and numerically by wind tunnel test and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation respectively. Mean wind pressures on all the faces of the building are predicted using wind tunnel test and CFD simulation varying wind incidence angles from 0 to 180 at an interval of 30. The accuracy of the numerically predicted results are measured by comparing results predicted by CFD with experimental results and it seems to have a good agreement with wind tunnel results. Besides wind pressures, wind flow patterns are also obtained by CFD for all the wind incidence angles. These flow patterns predict the behavior of pressure variation on the different faces of the building. For better comparison of the results, pressure contours on all the faces are also predicted by both the methods. Finally, polynomial expressions as the sine and cosine function of wind angle are proposed for obtaining mean wind pressure coefficient on all the faces using Fourier series expansion. The accuracy of the fitted expansions are measured by sum square error, R2 value and root mean square error.

Key Words
wind tunnel test; computational fluid dynamics; irregular plan shaped building; mean pressure coefficients; Fourier series expansion

Address
Biswarup Bhattacharyya and Sujit Kumar Dalui: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah – 711103, India


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