Techno Press
Tp_Editing System.E (TES.E)
Login Search
You logged in as

gae
 
CONTENTS
Volume 41, Number 1, April10 2025 (Special Issue)
 

Abstract
.

Key Words
.

Address
.

Abstract
Various additives, including fly ash, lime, fibers, and slag, have been extensively examined to improve soil stabilization properties and achieve targeted performance standards. Among these, Calcium Sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement has garnered significant attention for its environmentally friendly profile as compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), alongside its rapid strength development and high durability. This study investigates the effects of substituting CSA with phosphogypsum (PG) to enhance the compressive strength of sand while addressing the recycling potential of waste produced from phosphorus manufacturing. The chemical composition of PG was analyzed using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), revealing calcium sulfate hemihydrate as the primary component, along with impurities such as fluorine, phosphorus, silicon, and sulfur compounds. Standardized mixture compositions containing 3%, 5% and 7% CSA and 10% water were prepared, with CSA partially replaced by PG at substitution rates of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%. Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) tests were performed at curing intervals of 3, 7, 14, and 28 days to evaluate the influence of PG on soil stabilization properties. Additionally, scanning electron microscopy was used to analyze the microstructural changes underlying the observed strength gain. The results demonstrate that substituting 30% of CSA with PG yields the highest compressive strength after 28 days of curing, indicating the optimal replacement level. These findings highlight the dual benefits of improved soil stabilization performance and sustainable recycling of industrial byproducts, offering practical implications for eco-friendly construction and waste management practices.

Key Words
compressive strength; CSA-treated sand; phosphogypsum; soil stabilization; sustainability

Address
Anna Loskutova, Jong Kim, Alfrendo Satyanaga, Sung-Woo Moon: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering and Digital Sciences
Nazarbayev University, 53, Kabanbay bater Ave., Astana, 010000, Republic of Kazakhstan

Abstract
Understanding subsurface conditions is essential for mitigating unexpected hazards during excavation, particularly in areas with underground utilities. Electrical resistance values play a crucial role for predicting these conditions. This study develops a non-destructive, cost-effective framework to predict the number of buried pipelines using machine learning applied to numerical electrical resistance data. The resistance data was generated by applying a numerical electrical resistance model, developed using generalized mesh techniques, based on electrode and structural geometric parameters. A total of 87,572 data samples, comprising 56 electrodes across 667 cases and 90 electrodes across 558 cases, were used. Various machine learning techniques, including Support Vector Machine, Random Forest, and Extreme Gradient Boosting, were employed to classify underground utility counts. Additionally, a deep learning method, specifically Convolutional Neural Network, transformed the resistivity data into a 2D matrix format for analysis. The results indicate that the data provides sufficient information to accurately determine the number of buried pipelines, demonstrating the potential of these models for underground utility prediction. This work integrates numerical simulations with machine learning to develop a model capable of underground utility prediction. Given the significant challenges associated with collecting and processing real-world data for such applications, utilizing simulation data is essential to demonstrate the feasibility of these models.

Key Words
convolutional neural networks; electricity resistance survey; machine learning, underground utility detection

Address
Hee-Hwan Ryu and Jiyun Lee: Transmission & Substation Laboratory, Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) Research Institute,Daejeon 34056, Republic of Korea
Suyoung Choi and Meiyan Kang: Department of Mathematics, Ajou University, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16499, Republic of Korea
Song-Hun Chong and Tae-Young Kim: Department of Civil Engineering, Sunchon National University, 255 Jungang-ro, Sunchon, Jeollanam-do 57922, Republic of Korea

Abstract
Detecting underground cavities and voids is critical for ensuring structural safety in sectors such as civil engineering and environmental studies. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) B-scan imaging is a valuable tool for this purpose, yet traditional methods often struggle with precise cavity characterization, especially as cavities develop over time. Addressing this gap, this study introduces an advanced methodology using Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs) to improve cavity detection accuracy across four progressive stages: Initial, Intermediate, Critical, and Damaged. The GUI based KIT-GPR model, trained on Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) simulated data, can identify cavities as they grow from small initial voids to significant structural threats. This method influences GUI programming, enabling non-experts to interpret B-scan images more intuitively. Key findings indicate that while the KIT-GPR model demonstrates potential in cavity detection across different developmental stages, it faces challenges in accurately identifying and classifying cavities, particularly in complex scenarios. These limitations highlight the need for further refinement to improve detection reliability in GPR analysis and enhance its applicability in subsurface imaging and infrastructure monitoring.

Key Words
B-scan; cavity detection; Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD); Fully Convolutional Networks (FCNs); Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR); GUI programming

Address
Sayali Pangavhane and Gyu-Hyun Go: School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61, Daehak-ro, Gumi-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea
Dinh-Viet Le: Ground Reinforcement Technology Research Institute, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, 61, Daehak-ro, Gumi-si,Gyeongsangbuk-do, Republic of Korea

Abstract
This study investigates the effect of pile spacing on the bearing capacity of group piles and proposes optimal spacing to enhance design efficiency. The theoretical analysis, based on Terzaghi's failure mode and the arching effect, evaluates the influence of spacing adjustments on bearing capacity improvement. Laboratory model tests were conducted to experimentally validate the theoretical findings, comparing pile capacities under various spacing conditions. The results reveal that arching effects become significant when the spacing ratio exceeds 1.7, leading to a substantial increase in bearing capacity. This research proposes an optimal spacing range to supplement current design standards and provides foundational data for efficient pile design.

Key Words
arching effect; group pile efficiency; pile spacing; soil bearing capacity; terzaghi failure

Address
Chanhee Kim: Offshore Wind Power Depart., BANDI Consultants Co.,Ltd., Republic of Korea
Seongjin Kil, Jaewon Kim,Younguk Kim and Junho Moon: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Myongji Univ., Republic of Korea
Kabboo Kim: Busiddol Inc., Republic of Korea

Abstract
The aging of utility tunnels is accelerating, and the deterioration of essential internal facilities, such as pipelines, is becoming a serious issue. Pipe cutting is essential for replacing aging pipes. However, no system exists for use inside utility tunnels. This study investigated the pipe-cutting performance of waterjet cutters, laser cutters, and diamond wire saws according to the standardized energy. A literature review was conducted to examine the cutting performance of cast iron based on the energy input of each cutting technology, and the findings were experimentally validated. Cutting tests on 20 mm ductile cast iron specimens revealed that a waterjet cutter required an effective kinetic energy of 60 J for a complete cut. For the laser cutter, a complete cut of 20 mm ductile cast iron was achieved at a laser power of 3,000 W, which is the primary performance variable. The diamond wire saw demonstrated limited applicability for cutting metallic materials, making it difficult to verify the cutting performance based on the energy input, so further experiments were deemed necessary. Finally, the minimum energy input required for 20 mm cast iron cutting has been determined. Moreover, the technical limitations and challenges associated with the practical application and optimization of each cutting technologies within utility tunnels were discussed. These findings provide fundamental data for evaluating the cast iron cutting performance of technologies, thereby contributing to the future development of equipment for cutting aging pipes.

Key Words
aging pipe-cutting; pipe cutting; utility tunnel; water pipe; waterjet cutter

Address
Hyun-Jong Cha, Jun-Sik Park and Tae-Min Oh: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University,2 Busandaehak-ro, 63beon-gil,
Geumjeong-gu, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
Ki-Il Song and Jang-Hyun Park: Department of Civil Engineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Michuhol-gu, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea

Abstract
Lime stabilization is a widely used technique to improve weak subgrades; however, its effectiveness under freeze-thaw cycles remains a critical challenge. This study investigates the incorporation of cementitious materials to enhance the mechanical properties and environmental resistance of lime-stabilized soils under such conditions. Two types of soils, gray shale (plasticity index of 37.8) and clay soil (plasticity index of 19.0) from Nebraska, were used. Stabilization mixtures included lime dosages of 0%, 3%, and 6% by weight, combined with either 10% fly ash or 3% and 6% cement by weight. The experimental program comprised three stages: characterization of physical properties, preparation of composite specimens for unconfined compressive strength (UCS) testing, and evaluation of environmental resistance through freeze-thaw cycles (7 cycles after 14 days of curing and 12 cycles after 28 days of curing). Results showed that lime and fly ash significantly reduced the plasticity index of gray shale, with less pronounced effects on clay soil. Cement-lime stabilization demonstrated superior UCS retention and resistance to freeze-thaw cycles for both soil types, outperforming lime alone and lime-fly ash treatments. These findings highlight the importance of incorporating cementitious materials to enhance the durability and performance of lime-stabilized soils under harsh environmental conditions.

Key Words
freeze-thaw cycles; lime stabilization; subgrade durability; unconfined compressive strength

Address
Laith Ibdah, Ali Behdad and Jongwan Eun: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland,
1173 Glenn L. Martin Hall, College Park, MD 20742, USA
Kenaz Owusu: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln,
1110 S 67th St, Omaha, NE 68182, USA

Abstract
Infrastructure construction on coastal areas such as ports, bridges and airports require ground improvements when marine soils contain soft ground which includes fine grains in general. Fine-grained soils consist of clastic or non-clastic grains. Based on the mineralogy of soils, compressibility of soils shows different behavior. Fine-grained clay mineral soils show plastic and time-dependent deformation due to consolidation during constructions while silty soils without clay minerals show low compressibility. However, biogenic soils such as diatomaceous earth are more compressible than other silty fine-grained soils. Although fine-grained soils with clastic minerals and biogenic minerals are classified as silt, the behavior of clastic soils are less compressible compared to biogenic soils which have inner pores. We conducted one-dimensional consolidation experiments to investigate compressibility of diatomaceous earth and non-plastic mineral fines such as silica silt. The coefficient of consolidation, and volumetric compressibility are estimated, and show that the trends of diatomaceous earth properties are different from other silty soil properties based on the consolidation tests. We found that particle breakage plays a crucial role in compressibility of diatomaceous soils. While the compressibility of diatomaceous soils is similar to clastic soils at low stress, the differences in compressional behavior between two soils are distinct at high stress. The diatomaceous earth shows time-dependent compressibility due to creep or secondary compression by particle breakage process. Thus, settlement analysis should include the impact of morphology and mineralogy of fine-grained soils.

Key Words
compressibility; diatomaceous earth; mineralogy; secondary compression; silty soil

Address
Handikajati K. Marjadi and Junbong Jang: Department of ICT Integrated Ocean Smart Cities Engineering, Dong-A University, Nakdong-daero 550beon-gil,
Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea

Abstract
In order to estimate accumulated excess pore pressures in the soil around a cyclically loaded (offshore) foundation structure, cyclic laboratory tests are required. In practice, the cyclic direct simple shear (DSS) test is often used. From numerous undrained tests (or alternatively tests under constant-volume condition) under varying stress conditions, contour diagrams can be derived, which characterize the soil's behavior under arbitrary cyclic loading conditions. Such contour diagrams can then be used as input for finite element models predicting the load-bearing behavior of foundation structures under undrained or partially drained cyclic loading. The paper deals with the general behavior of a poorly graded medium sand in cyclic DSS tests under undrained loading conditions. The main objective of the research was to investigate and parametrize the soil's behavior and to identify possible effects of sample preparation. Numerous tests with varying cyclic stress ratios (CSR) and mean stress ratios (MSR) have been conducted. Also the relative density of the sand was varied. A new set of equations for a relatively easy handable mathematical description of the resulting contour plots was developed and parametrized. In the original tests, the sand was poured into the testing frame and carefully compacted to the desired relative density by tamping. In offshore practice, a preconditioning of a soil sample is usually realised by cyclic preshearing with a certain CSR-value or additionally by preconsolidation under drained conditions. By that, a more realistic initial state of the soil shall be achieved. In order to investigate the effect of such a preconditioning on the resulting contour diagrams, additional tests were conducted in which preshearing and preconsolidation was applied and the results were compared to the test results without any preconditioning. The results clearly show a significant effect of preshearing and an even more pronounced effect of preconsolidation for the considered poorly graded medium sand.

Key Words
accumulated excess pore pressures; direct simple shear test; preconsolidation; preshearing; sand

Address
Martin Achmus, Jann-Eike Saathoff and Norman Goldau: Leibniz University Hannover, Institute for Geotechnical Engineering, Appelstr. 9A, 30167 Hannover, Germany

Abstract
Biocementation in soils using microbially induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICP) has recently emerged as a sustainable and environmentally friendly solution for improving the geotechnical characteristics of soils. The improvement level of MICP-treated sands varies depending upon the transportation and cementation mechanisms related to the methods of MICP implementation. Despite the conventional methods of strength measurement being used widely for MICP-treated soils, the influence of biocementation in soils resulting in a localized strength pattern has not been investigated yet. In this study, the localized strength profiling in unsaturated sand treated by MICP is carried out using a number of sand column tests under different treatment conditions. The MICP treatment was conducted using sand columns 10 cm in height and 5 cm in diameter through a surface percolation method. Unconfined compressive strengths (UCSs) along the depth of MICP-treated sand columns were measured in the form of local compressive strength through a needle penetration testing performed throughout the equally divided sections along the depth of the sand columns. The local water content and the local CaCO3 content in each section were also quantified to investigate the dependence of local compressive strength on these factors. Moreover, the microscale examination of the specimens from MICP-treated sand columns was also performed. The investigation of local compressive strength measurement in MICP-treated sand columns in this study leads to deeper understanding of the factors affecting the local compressive strength. This work is expected to be a useful contribution to optimizing the practical application of MICP technology for green infrastructure development.

Key Words
biocementation; local compressive strength; MICP; needle penetration test; sand column; surface percolation

Address
Turab Haider Jafri and Jinung Do: Department of Ocean Civil Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, Tongyeong, Republic of Korea

Abstract
Geobags are commonly used as a rapid and effective reinforcement solution for areas such as coastlines and slopes, typically installed in a stacked configuration. In certain cases, geobag connectors are employed to enhance binding strength. However, there is limited research on the applicability and performance of these connectors. This study investigates the effects of geobag connectors on reinforced slopes, focusing on their applicability and performance. To evaluate the influence of geobag connectors, scenarios were developed considering factors such as slope angle, rainfall exposure, and the presence or absence of connectors. A coupled stress-seepage analysis was performed to assess the safety factor of geobag-reinforced slopes and the stresses experienced by the connectors before, during, and after rainfall events. The results indicated that, across all scenarios, slope safety factors decreased with rising water levels due to high rainfall intensity. A slight increase in the safety factor was observed when connectors were applied. However, the stress generated at the interface at the steepest front angle, when the water level rises due to rainfall, was significantly different from that observed under dry conditions. On the other hand, the difference in stress was minimal, regardless of the rise in water level at the gentlest front angle. Through these results, it was confirmed that the reinforcing effect of the geobag connector diminished as the front angle became less steep. This highlights the necessity for further analysis regarding the applicability of the geobag connector in relation to various influencing factors.

Key Words
geobag connector; geobag reinforced slope; limit equilibrium method; strength reduction method

Address
Junwoo Shin: Department of Civil Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea
yungwon Park and Boo Hyun Nam: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Republic of Korea

Abstract
Cr3+-crosslinked xanthan gum (CrXG) has emerged as a promising solution for enhancing moisture resilience, wet strength, and durability in biopolymer-soil treatment (BPST) applications. However, its shear strength behavior across diverse soil compositions remains insufficiently explored. This study investigates the shear strength characteristics of CrXG-soil composites, spanning from poorly graded sand to clayey silty sand using direct shear tests (DST) under varying moisture states (initially wet, dried, and re-submerged). The results show that CrXG treatment achieves optimal performance in pure sand at low confinement, with an increase in cohesion and a decrease in internal friction angle. Adding clay particles accelerates the crosslinking process, with CrXG-soil composite with 15% clay content (CSM15) demonstrating consistent shear strength improvements across all confining stresses due to agglomeration effects of the CrXG-clay matrix. XG-treated composites exhibit significant strength gains when dried but suffer severe strength losses upon re-submersion due to swelling. In contrast, CrXG-treated CSM15 retains shear strength across moisture states, demonstrating superior environmental resilience. These findings highlight the potential of CrXG-treated CSM15 for sustainable geotechnical applications, including slope stabilization and erosion control.

Key Words
biopolymer soil treatment; direct shear test; gel phase; sand-clay mixture; shear strength; xanthan gum

Address
Jeong-Uk Bang, Dong-Yeup Park and Gye-Chun Cho: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology,
291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
Minhyeong Lee: Disposal Safety Evaluation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute,
111 Daedeok-daero 989beon-gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea

Abstract
Liquefaction of saturated sands is a leading cause of damage to roads and bridge foundations during earthquakes. To mitigate such issues, permeable pipe piles, featuring drainage holes on their shaft, have emerged as an innovative anti-liquefaction measure. However, their seismic performance in liquefiable sites has not been well understood. This study conducted both numerical and experimental tests on the dynamic response of permeable pipe piles in liquefiable sands. Before establishing the numerical model for piles, the advanced constitutive model-i.e., SANISAND adopted to the cyclic behavior of liquefiable sand was calibrated with a series of monotonic and cyclic laboratory tests. After the calibration, the numerical simulations were performed to simulate a group of shaking table tests on both traditional and permeable pipe piles in liquefiable sands. The results show that, compared with traditional pipe piles, permeable pipe piles significantly reduced liquefaction potential by dissipating excess pore water through the drainage holes, resulting in a marked decrease in pile displacement. These findings demonstrate the effectiveness of permeable pipe piles in enhancing seismic performance and provide valuable insights for their practical implementation in engineering applications.

Key Words
dynamic response; liquefiable site; numerical simulation; shaking table test; permeable pipe piles

Address
Ma Chi, Qian Jian-Gu and Shi Zhen Hao: : Department of Geotechnical Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
Mei Guo Xiong: Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China
Cheng Lin: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P5C2, Canada

Abstract
Cementation, even in small amounts, tends to alter the mechanical properties of soil significantly. Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) is a widely used binding admixture, but there has been an increasing need for replacement owing to its carbon footprint. One such alternative is Calcium Sulfoaluminate cement (CSA), which has higher initial strength gain and lower carbon footprint than OPC. Since existing strength prediction models available from literature were developed for conventional cement types such as OPC and Portland Blast Furnace Cement (PBFC), those are not applicable for predicting the strength evolution of soil treated by other types of cements (e.g., underpredicting the initial strength of CSA treated sand). It is because the prediction models available are generally either soil-specific or cement-specific. This paper proposes a unified strength prediction model that works irrespective of cement and/or soil types by introducing a slope parameter that controls time-dependent strength gain. The proposed model is validated by data collected from literature on various soils and cement types. The three-parameter model demonstrates strong applicability for predicting the strength evolution over a wide range of water-to-cement ratios.

Key Words
Calcium sulfoaluminate cement; cement treated soil; ordinary portland cement; strength prediction model

Address
Taeseo Ku: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University,
120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
Sathya Subramanian: Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, National University of Singapore,
3 Engineering Drive 2, Singapore 117578

Abstract
Greene County in Missouri has experienced a significant increase in sinkhole occurrences over recent decades due to its karst geology. This study focuses on investigating ground subsidence related to karst sinkholes using satellite-based remote sensing techniques and aims to develop a sinkhole susceptibility map utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS) methodologies. Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) data from Sentinel-1 satellites, covering the period from 2018 to 2020, were employed to detect and analyze ground deformation patterns. The InSAR analysis revealed an annual subsidence rate of up to 30 mm along the satellite's line-of-sight, indicating active ground movements in the region. To predict areas susceptible to future sinkhole development, a sinkhole inventory dataset was compiled from the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MoDNR), and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) machine learning model was applied. Topographic conditioning factors were derived from high-resolution Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data to enhance the predictive modeling. The results demonstrated a strong correlation between areas of significant deformation detected by InSAR and regions identified as highly susceptible to sinkholes in the susceptibility map. Furthermore, newly identified sinkholes coincided with zones of high subsidence, validating the predictive capacity of the ANN model. This study underscores the effectiveness of integrating satellite remote sensing with machine learning techniques to detect subtle ground deformation and to map zones at risk of future sinkhole formation. The proposed approach offers valuable insights for sustainable urban development, land-use planning, and hazard mitigation strategies in karst regions like Greene County.

Key Words
GIS; InSAR remote sensing; karst subsidence; machine learning; sinkhole susceptibility

Address
Arip Syaripudin Nur and Yong Je Kim: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Lamar University, Beaumont, TX 77710, USA
Boo Hyun Nam and Kyungwon Park: Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyenggi-do 17104,Republic of Korea
Jinwoo An: Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX 78541, USA


Techno-Press: Publishers of international journals and conference proceedings.       Copyright © 2025 Techno-Press ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
P.O. Box 33, Yuseong, Daejeon 34186 Korea, Email: admin@techno-press.com