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CONTENTS
Volume 14, Number 6, June 2023
 

Abstract
We study the bending wave, shear wave and longitudinal wave characteristics in the double nanobeams in this paper for the first time, in the process of research, based on the Reddy's higher-order shear deformation theory and considering shear layer stiffness, linear stiffness, inter-laminar stiffness, the pore volume fraction, temperature variation, functionally graded index influence on wave propagation, based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory and Hamilton variational principle, the wave equation of the double-nanometer beams are derived. Since there are three different motion states for the double nanobeams, which includes the cases of "in phase", "out of phase" and "one nanobeam fixed", the propagation characteristics of shear-, bending-, and longitudinal- waves in these three cases are discussed respectively, and some valuable conclusions are obtained.

Key Words
double nanobeams; elastic foundations; porosities; thermal effects; wave propagation

Address
Fei Wu and Gui-Lin She: College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China

Abstract
Postsurgical infections are caused by implant-related pathogenic microorganisms that lead to graft rejection. Hence, an intrinsically antibacterial material is required to produce a biocompatible biomaterial with osteogenic properties that could address this major issue. Hence, this current research aims to make strontium-doped hydroxyapatite nanorods (SrHANRs) via an ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA)-enable microwave mediated method using Anodontia alba seashells for biomedical applications. This investigation also perceives that EDTA acts as a soft template to accomplish Sr-doping and mesoporous structures in pure hydroxyapatite nanorods (HANRs). The X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis reveals the crystalline and mesoporous structures, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) indicates the surface area of all the samples, including pure HANRs and doped HANRs. In addition, the biocidal ability was tested using various implant-related infectious bacteria pathogens, and it was discovered that Sr-doped HANRs have excellent biocidal properties. Furthermore, toxicity evaluation using zebrafish reports the non-toxic nature of the produced HANRs. Incorporating Sr2+ ions into the HAp lattice would enhance biocompatibility, biocidal activity, and osteoconductive properties. As a result, the biocompatible HANRs materials synthesized with Sr-dopants may be effective in bone regeneration and antibacterial in-built implant applications.

Key Words
Anodontia alba; biocompatibility; antibacterial activity; biomedical applications; mesoporous hydroxyapatite nanorods; strontium; toxicity

Address
Gopalu Karunakaran and Eun-Bum Cho: Institute for Applied Chemistry, Department of Fine Chemistry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology (Seoul Tech),
232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea

Keerthanaa Thirumurugan and Selvakumar Boobalan: Department of Biotechnology, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India

Govindan Suresh Kumar: Department of Physics, K.S. Rangasamy College of Arts and Science (Autonomous), Tiruchengode 637 215, Tamil Nadu, India

Evgeny Kolesnikov: Department of Functional Nanosystems and High-Temperature Materials, National University of Science and Technology "MISiS," Leninskiy Pr. 4, Moscow 119049, Russia


Abstract
This paper concerned with the vibration of double walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as continuum model based on Timoshenko-beam theory. The vibration solution obtained from Timoshenko-beam theory provides a better presentation of vibration structure of carbon nanotubes. The natural frequencies of double-walled CNTs against half axial wave mode are investigated. The frequency decreases on decreasing the half axial wave mode. The shape of frequency arcs is different for various lengths. It is observed that model has produced lowest results for C-F and highest for C-C. A large parametric study is performed to see the effect of half axial wave mode on frequencies of CNTs. This numerically vibration solution delivers a benchmark results for other techniques. The comparison of present model is exhibited with previous studies and good agreement is found.

Key Words
beams theory; continuum model; micro/nano tubes; natural frequencies; vibrational modes; vibration structure

Address
Emad Ghandourah, Abdulsalam Alhawsawi and Essam Mohammed Banoqitah: Department of Nuclear Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia/ Center for Training & Radiation Prevention, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia

Muzamal Hussain: Department of Mathematics, Govt. College University Faisalabad, 38040, Faisalabad, Pakistan

Amien Khadimallah: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulazi University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia

Mohamed R. Ali: Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt New Cairo 11835, Egypt/ Basic Engineering Science Department, Benha Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Egypt


Abstract
Measuring energy burn during intensive combat sport has been a challenging concerns for a long time. In the present article, the energy consumption during combat sports is measured by use of wearable GoBe2 equipped with nano-technology measuring devices. In this regard, 12 professional combat athletes were asked to wear GoBe2 devices during different sessions of intensive combat exercises. The curves provided by GoBe2 nano-sensor devices are further collected and analyzed for different combat durations. On the other hand, energy consumption in these athlete is calculated using other validated methods to evaluate reliability of GoBe2 wearable devices. Based on the results obtained from these experiments a multi-parameter mathematical model is presented for estimation of combat calorie consumptions. The results show that nanotechnology in these type of sensors could help in estimation of calorie consumption during combat. Moreover, the reliability of using wearable GoBe2 sensors are satisfactory except for some specific conditions. The mathematical model provides a satisfactory results based on athlete physical condition and also duration of the combat with about 8% error margin in the results.

Key Words
artificial intelligence; combat calorie; energy consumption; fatigue; nanosensors

Address
Shuo Guan and Benxu Zou: Wushu and Dance Department, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang 110102, Liaoning, China



Abstract
The extensive use of polymeric matrix composites in the athletic sector may be attributed to its high strength-to-weight ratio, production economy, and a longer lifespan than conventional materials. This study explored the impact of carbon nanotubes on the properties of different composite field sports equipment components. The test specimens were fabricated using the compression molding technique. The insertion of carbon nanotubes increases mechanical properties related to the process parameters to account for an improvement in the stick sections' overall performance. The dynamic response of functionally graded reinforced nanocomposite wire structure is examined in this paper on the bases of high-order hyperbolic beam theory lined to the size-dependent nonclassical nonlocal theory under the external mechanical load due to the physical activities. Finally, the impact of different parameters on the stability of nanocomposite structures is discussed in detail.

Key Words
nanocomposite material; reinforced structures; physical sports equipment; stability analysis

Address
Guojiao Wang: School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, Shandong, China

Kun Peng, Hui Zhou, Zhiguo Lou and Feng Pan: Ministry of General Education, Shandong First Medical University &
Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China

Guangyao Liu: College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, Shandong, China


Abstract
The rapid growth of zinc-oxide (ZnO) nanostructures (NSs) on woven carbon fiber (WCF) is reported in this study employing a microwave-aided chemical bath deposition process. The effects of different process parameters such as molar concentration, microwave duration and microwave power on morphologies and growth rate of the ZnO on WCF were studied. Furthermore, an attempt has been taken to study influence of different type of growth solutions on ZnO morphologies and growth rates. The surface functionalization of WCF fabrics is achieved by successful growth of crystalline ZnO on fiber surface in a very short duration through one-step microwave synthesis. The morphological, structural and compositional studies of ZnO-modified WCF are evaluated using field-emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy respectively. Good amount of zinc and oxygen has been seen in the surface of WCF. The presence of the wurtzite phase of ZnO having crystallite size 30-40 nm calculated using the Debye Scherrer method enhances the surface characteristics of WCF fabrics. The UV-VIS spectroscopy is used to investigate optical properties of ZnO-modified WCF samples by absorbance, transmittance and reflectance spectra. The variation of different parameters such as dielectric constants, optical conductivity, refractive index and extinction coefficient are examined that revealed the enhancement of optical characteristics of carbon fiber for wide applications in optoelectronic devices, carbon fiber composites and photonics.

Key Words
chemical bath deposition; microwave heating; nanostructures; optical characterizations; woven carbon fiber; zinc-oxide

Address
Ravi S. Rai and Vivek Bajpai: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad, Jharkhand, India

Abstract
Many of small-scale devices should be designed to tolerate high temperature changes. In the present study, the states of buckling and stability of nano-scale cylindrical shell structure integrated with piezoelectric layer under various thermal and electrical external loadings are scrutinized. In this regard, a multi-layer composite shell reinforced with graphene nano-platelets (GNP) having different patterns of layer configurations is modeled. An outer layer of piezoelectric material receiving external voltage is also attached to the cylindrical shell for the aim of observing the effects of voltage on the thermal buckling condition. The cylindrical shell is mathematically modeled with first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT). Linear elasticity relationship with constant thermal expansion coefficient is used to extract the relationship between stress and strain components. Moreover, minimum virtual work, including the work of the piezoelectric layer, is engaged to derive equations of motion. The derived equations are solved using numerical method to find out the effects of temperature and external voltage on the buckling stability of the shell structure. It is revealed that the boundary condition, external voltage and geometrical parameter of the shell structure have notable effects on the temperature rise required for initiating instability in the cylindrical shell structure.

Key Words
critical temperature; critical voltage; graphene nanoplatelets; maxwell's equation; piezoelectric layer

Address
Chengda Zhang, Haifeng Hu, Qiang Ma and Ning Wang: School of Navigation, Shandong Jiaotong University, Jinan 264003, Shandong, China

Abstract
In the present study, capability of nanobiotics in repairing tendon injuries commonly occur in Taekwondo sport is investigated and some approaches are proposed. In this regard, a brief review on the types and application of nanobiotics is presented. Their capabilities and limitation are discussed. Next, different type of tendon injuries in Taekwondo athletes are discussed along with their treatment approaches. Based on the presented data, a nano-scale feasible robot model carrying nanobiotics is proposed for repairing tendons. Finite element simulations is also conducted to show the effectiveness of the repairing process using nanorobots equipped with nanobiotics. This repairing procedure is a combination of mechanical and chemical treatments. The results indicated that using nanobiotics on nanorobots arms in the repair of tendon injuries has many benefits. First, drug delivery is directly injected to the target section. Second, Due to the nanorobots small sizes more acute treatment is possible. Finally, since the control of the nanorobots are assisted with computers, the possibility of human error reduces significantly. The proposed method of the present study could be utilized by other scientists and technological industry in developing final nanorobots with nanobiotics carrying capacity.

Key Words
nanobiotics, nanorobots, tendon repair, taekwondo, achilles tendon, nanotechnology

Address
Dilong An, Shun Jiang, Tongtong Cai and Wei Tian: Department of Physical Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, Shannxi, China

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