Abstract
The hydrodynamic performance optimization of sports water systems is a mandatory consideration to improve the efficiency in sports hydration. In the given research, the concept of nanocomposites structures is proposed as a method of improving fluid delivery and structural integrity of high-performance hydration pipelines in the context of competitive sports environments. We also discuss the application of nano-engineered concrete pipelines created in the research and development of nano-conduits in polymers as portable and submersible sports hydration to inspired by the advances in nano-engineered concrete pipelines to pump fluids on a mass scale. The governing equations of motion are developed using classical shell theory and Hamilton principle and the fluid-structure interactions are modeled according to the framework of Navier Stokes equations. The successful material properties of the nanocomposites are estimated with the assistance of the Mori-Tanaka method. They are determined by taking dynamic simulations, which are based on the numerical techniques such as the differential quadrature method (DQM) and the Newmark method, to the system in response to various loads, such as fluid pressure changes and external dynamic disturbances. Results show nanoparticle reinforcement compound to increase rigidity, reduce peak deflections and augmenting resistance to vibrational instabilities, however the mass of internal fluids has an overwhelming influence on modal behaviors. The parametric studies indicate that the hydrodynamic efficiency is highly dependent on geometrical ratios (thickness/ radius, length/ radius) and boundary conditions and volumes fractions of nanoparticles. The findings indicate that optimized nanocomposite pipelines are applicable to minimize the energy losses incurred in the transportation of fluids, as well as provide structural stability in the dynamic application by athletes in next-generation athletic sports hydration technologies.
Key Words
athletic hydration efficiency; fluid-structure interaction; hydrodynamic performance; nano-composite structures; sports water systems
Address
Kun Li:Sports Institute., Henan University of Technology, Henan Province, 450000, China
A. Horri: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
F. Ming: Department of Engineering, Malaya University, Malaysia
Abstract
Algal organic matters (AOMs) generated during algal blooms is known to lead to deterioration of water quality. In this study, the amounts of AOMs produced by two cyanobacteria such as Anabaena sp. and Oscillatoria sp. were measured during their growth, respectively. The results showed that AOM production continued from the exponential growth phase to the death phase. During the death phase, AOM production seemed to be sustained due to intracellular organic matter (IOM) released by dead cells. It was found that the specific UV absorbance (SUVA) values of extracellular organic matter (EOM) were relatively higher than those of IOMs in two algal species. Meanwhile, LC-OCD and XAD analyses were performed to understand the physicochemical characteristics of AOMs produced during the algal growth phases. The XAD analysis indicated that AOMs generated by both algal species had a high proportion of hydrophilic substances compared to hydrophobic and transphilic ones. The LC-OCD analysis showed that the order of high content of main components of AOMs was were high-molecular-weight biopolymers, humic-like substances, and building blocks.
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) is an innovative membrane process with growing potential. Mathematical models for predicting water flux in forward osmosis (FO) are valuable for understanding the system behavior and helpful in optimizing the performance. This work explores the relationship between water flux key governing parameters, namely water permeability, solute resistance and mass transfer coefficient which affect the water flux behavior. The influence of these parameters on water flux behavior is analyzed, highlighting how water permeability governs the water transport capacity, solute resistance dictates the rejection of solutes, and the mass transfer coefficient reflects the impact of external boundary layers. For both orientations the membrane active layer faces the feed solution (AL-FS) and the membrane active layer faces the draw solution (AL-DS), water flux increases with an increase in water permeability since water flux is directly proportional to the membrane water permeability as given by the basic flux equations. The mass transfer coefficient, whether on the feed side (AL-FS mode) or on the draw side (AL-DS mode), does not significantly influence the enhancement of water flux associated with increased membrane water permeability. On the other hand, solute resistance has a pronounced effect on the water flux with an increase in water permeability. At higher values of solute resistance, the increase in water flux resulting from enhanced water permeability becomes progressively limited, due to the intensified internal concentration polarization that diminishes the effective osmotic driving force.
Key Words
forward osmosis; mass transfer coefficient; solute resistance; water flux; water permeability
Address
Abdulrahman Alalawi, Nawaf Bin Darwish: Desalination Technologies Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Saudi Arabia
Ibrahim S. Al-mutaz: Chemical Engineering Dept., College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
Ibrahim A. Alsayer: Department of Chemical Engineering, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation on the structural, chemical, and performance characteristics of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) hollow fiber membranes (HFMs), with and without chemical treatment using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) or polyethylene glycol (PEG). Membranes were exposed to UV light for 10, 20, and 30 minutes. Characterization techniques including SEM, FTIR, EDS, NMR, and AFM revealed that short-term UV treatment preserved the chemical integrity of the membranes and caused no significant surface damage, especially in chemically pretreated samples. PEG and H2O2 treatments enhanced membrane resistance to UV-induced degradation. Surface hydrophilicity improved with UV exposure, as indicated by reduced water contact angles and increased porosity. The treated membranes exhibited increased permeability 52.6 LMH to 82.3 LMH after 30 minutes of UV exposure, especially in H2O2-modified samples, while maintaining Methylene blue (MB) rejection of 75%. In contrast, PEG-modified membranes showed reduced permeability (from 49.8 LMH to 29.2 LMH) with UV exposure due to partial pore blocking. Mechanical strength varied with treatment, showing slight improvements in H2O2-treated samples and reductions in raw and PEG-treated ones. These findings demonstrate that UV post-treatment, especially when combined with H2O2, provides a clean and effective modification route to enhance PVDF HFMs, leading to improved hydrophilicity, permeability, and stability for water treatment applications.
Key Words
characterization; hollow fiber membrane; performance; PVDF; UV- post treatment
Address
Eman S. Sayed, Hayam F. Shaalan, Heba A. Hani: Chemical Engineering and Pilot Plant Department, Engineering and Renewable Energy Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Buhouth Street, Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Magda I. Marzouk: Organic Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, 11566, Cairo, Egypt
Abstract
Massive amounts of kitchen wastewater mainly composed of organic colloidal matter is produced by the food service industry. In this study, the performance of nanocomposite membrane incorporated by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are evaluated. The effect of non-acidic oxidative reagents (NH4OH: H2O2) and diameter of MWCNTs was studied. Membrane characterization including surface functional groups, porosity and pore size, surface hydrophilicity, and membrane morphology was conducted. The results showed that the higher NH4OH/ H2O2 ratio (3:1) introduced more oxygen-containing functional groups on the oxidized MWCNTs (OMWCNTs). The large diameter of MWCNTs (20-30 nm) tend to produce nanocomposite membrane with bigger pore size and the oxidation of MWCNTs has further enhanced the membrane hydrophilicity. The highest membrane water permeability (245.50 L/m2 h bar) was attained by nanocomposite membrane (M2c) modified by larger diameter OMWCNTs with higher NH4OH/ H2O2 ratio (3:1). In terms of kitchen wastewater treatment, all nanocomposite membrane showed improved pollutant rejection for suspended solids (SS) (96.48-98.74%), turbidity (98.88-100%), color (61.54-66.67%), chemical oxygen demand (COD) (28.42-38.92%), and total dissolved solids (TDS) (3.57-36.70%). Besides, the M2c nanocomposite membrane showed the highest antifouling performance compared to other nanocomposite membranes. This enhancement was attributed to the increased surface negative charge and formation of loose foulant layer on the membrane surface.
Address
Alessandra Chew Fei Yee: School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
Kah Chun Ho, Jiun Hor Low: School of Engineering, Faculty of Innovation and Technology, Taylor's University, No. 1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia/ Clean Technology Impact Lab, Taylor's University, No.1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia/ Centre for Sustainable Societies, Taylor's University, No.1, Jalan Taylor's, 47500, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
