Abstract
The repose angle serves as an important parameter for evaluating the interaction and flowability of granular material.
In this study, a series of repose angle test using the plate lifting method was conducted to measure the repose angle of subballast
with 17 different gradations and 7 varying moisture contents. The effects of the maximum particle size D100, the median particle
size D50, and the content of fine particles below 1.7 mm on the repose angle were investigated. Test results shown that the repose
angle increases with an increase in D100 or D50, and decreases with an increase in the content of particles smaller than 1.7 mm.
The Span parameter is commonly used to describe the distribution width of particle gradation and reflects the uniformity across
different size ranges. The upper and lower spans of the gradation were defined. The effect of upper span and lower span shows
that the combination of lower span (1.6–1.8) and upper span (1.0–1.2) enhances internal friction between ballast particles. Based
on the repose angle performance of subballast, the optimized gradation interval within the standard was identified. Furthermore,
the effect of water content on the repose angle of subballast was also investigated, and the results revealed that the repose angle
could be roughly divided into four typical stages with the increase of the water content: sudden change stage, horizontal stage,
rapid increase stage, and slow decrease stage. The optimized gradation curve can provide a reference for the design of subballast
grading in practice.
Key Words
ballast gradation; fine particle; median particle size; moisture content; repose angle
Address
Cheng Chen and Shao-shuo Li: Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, China;
School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
Gang Wang and Xi-bei Jia: Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
Yin Zhang: Sanya Science and Education Innovation Park, Wuhan University of Technology, Sanya, China
Abstract
Ground settlement management is crucial in tunnel boring machine (TBM) operations. Previous attempts to predict
ground settlement have required substantial assumptions or information, complicating the explicit determination of their
predictive criteria. This study developed an optimized system with simplicity and transparency for predicting ground
settlements. By selecting three key features through correlation analysis and literature reviews, the optimized system was
constructed to predict three settlement classes (heaving, normal, and large settlement) using a combination of machine learning
and statistical analysis. The optimized system achieved an accuracy of 0.846, with recall values of 0.667 for heaving, 0.895 for
normal, and 0.750 for large settlement. These results surpassed those of two comparison models that employed eight features
and ensemble learning algorithms. Notably, the comparison models failed to correctly predict any instances of large settlement,
highlighting the effectiveness of the optimized system in handling imbalanced datasets. Unlike conventional black-box models,
the optimized system explicitly defined the predictive criteria. Moreover, among the four instances misclassified by the
optimized system, three involved minor settlements within +-3 mm. The consistent decrease in accuracy when excluding each
feature from the optimized system highlighted the importance of incorporating these features to accurately identify patterns in
settlement predictions.
Address
Kibeom Kwon: Future and Fusion Lab of Architectural, Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korea University,
145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Minkyu Kang: Center for Defense Acquisition and Requirement Analysis, Korea Institute for Defense Analyses,
37 Hoegi-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-871, Republic of Korea
Dongku Kim: Department of Geotechnical Engineering Research, Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology (KICT),
283, Goyang-daero, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
Khanh Pham: School of Civil Engineering and Management, International University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam;
Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
Hangseok Choi: School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University,
145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
Baghdad Hassaine Daouadji, Amina Attia, Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla, Abdelouahed Tounsi,Abdeldjebbar Tounsi, Sherain M.Y. Mohamed, Saad Althobaiti, Mahmoud M. Selim,
Murat Yaylaci and Salem Mohammed Aldosari
Abstract
This investigation focuses on the static behavior of an advanced porous functionally graded (FG) plate with varying
material composition, subjected to combined mechanical, thermal, and moisture loads while resting on a viscoelastic foundation.
A modified first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), enhanced by a shear distribution function, is employed to more
accurately capture out-of-plane shear deformation. The variation of elastic properties through the plate' s thickness is described
using a power-law distribution. The effects of temperature and moisture on the material properties are assumed to be linear and
are incorporated into the analysis to evaluate their influence on the plate' s bending behavior. The viscoelastic foundation is
modeled using three parameters: Winkler's modulus, Pasternak's shear coefficient, and a damping coefficient. The governing
equations are derived using the principle of virtual displacement and solved analytically using the Navier method under simply
supported boundary conditions. The nondimensional numerical results are validated through comparison with existing literature.
A detailed parametric study is conducted to examine the effects of the gradient index, porosity index, temperature variation,
moisture concentration, and damping coefficient on the bending response of the FG plate. The results demonstrate the complex
interactions between these parameters and confirm the robustness and effectiveness of the proposed model in evaluating the
mechanical performance of FG structures under realistic environmental and mechanical loading conditions.
Key Words
bending; modified first shear deformation theory; porous ceramic-metal plate; viscoelastic base
Address
Baghdad Hassaine Daouadji: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
Amina Attia: Department of Civil Engineering and Public Works, Engineering and Sustainable Development Laboratory,
Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Ain Temouchent, Algeria
Amina Attia: Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-échelle, Université de Sidi Bel Abbés, Algeria
Abdelouahed Tounsi: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran,
Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Abdelouahed Tounsi: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria;
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran,
Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Abdeldjebbar Tounsi: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria;
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Rélizane, Relizane, Algeria
Sherain M.Y. Mohamed and Mahmoud M. Selim: 6Department of Mathematics, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
Saad Althobaiti: Department of Sciences and Technology, Ranyah University Collage, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
Murat Yaylaci: Department of Civil Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey;
Faculty of Turgut Kiran Maritime, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53900, Rize, Turkey
Salem Mohammed Aldosari: Material Science Research Institute, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia;
Composites and Advanced Materials Centre, School of Aerospace, Transport and Manufacturing,
Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
Abstract
Predicting water inflow and optimizing waterproofing-drainage systems are critical for subsea tunnel safety. This
study addresses the limitations of static parameter-based models by proposing a dynamic analytical formula for water inflow
prediction, integrating tunnel depth, hydraulic head, and lining permeability using complex variable functions and Darcy's law.
Additionally, three-dimensional numerical simulations were conducted to evaluate the stability and pore water pressure
distribution of the tunnel in land section, sea section, and land-sea transition section with fully encapsulated or half-encapsulated
waterproofing-drainage schemes. Key findings include: the half-encapsulated system reduced lining deformation by 15-20% in
the land section, offering a cost-effective solution; pore water pressure in the sea section remained below 0.5 MPa (excluding
class IV/V zones), recommending a fully encapsulated system with pressure-relief valves; and elevated pore water pressure (up
to 0.42 MPa) at the land-sea interface necessitated adaptive drainage measures. While the analytical formula and numerical
simulations address distinct aspects of tunnel design (water inflow prediction and structural stability), their combined insights
provide a holistic framework for optimizing subsea tunnel systems under dynamic hydraulic conditions.
Key Words
deformation; pore water pressure; subsea tunnel; water inflow; waterproofing and drainage solutions
Address
Yunjuan Chen: School of Civil Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China;
Key Laboratory of Building Structural Retrofitting and Underground Space Engineering, Ministry of Education,
Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
Mengyue Liu and Zongqing Zhou: School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan 250002, China
Mengzhen Su: School of Civil Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
Shangqu Sun: College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Jinan 250002, China
Abstract
A number of artificial islands have been created in Osaka. These reclaimed islands have undergone much difficulty in
the ground behavior due to unforeseen occurrence. These problems are caused by the following special features of the seabed in
Osaka Bay. The modeling of permeability of the Pleistocene sand layer is not easy. And the Pleistocene clays deposited are socalled
"quasi-overconsolidated clays". Most of all, one and two dimensional approaches have a limitation in assessing the stress
and deformation due to reclamation. Because the seabed was observed non-homogeneity and irregular thickness. For the above
mentioned reasons, the Author developed 3D FEM program using the elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model. And this developed
3D program has been validated and demonstrated by comparison with existing 2D studies. In this paper, stress and deformation
analyses of the Pleistocene foundations for group pile supported elevated bridges were conducted with the developed 3D elastoviscoplastic
finite element code. The calculated performance showed a serious reduction in stress increment with depth, even at
the center of the group piles. As far as the deformation is concerned, a compressive deformation naturally took place associated
with the lateral expansion caused by the loading at the group pile.
Key Words
elasto-viscoplastic constitutive model; local loading; reclaimed marine foundation; stress dispersion; threedimensional(
3D) analysis
Address
Seong-Kyu Yun, Hyeonsu Yun and Gichun Kang: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinjudae-ro, Jinju,
Gyeongsangna,-do 52828, Republic of Korea
Abstract
As the core technical scheme to protect the surface buildings (structures) in the mining area, the short-wall
continuous mining and filling technology plays an irreplaceable role in the field of mining. The jump mining distance and the
control characteristics of overlying strata are the key factors affecting the construction scope of underground space and the
stability of overlying strata, which directly determine the safety and reliability of mining engineering. Different skip mining
modes will form different underground space structures, and the scientific and reasonable comprehensive development and
utilization of these underground spaces is an important breakthrough to fully tap the added value of filling mining and improve
the comprehensive benefits of resources. In order to effectively control the stability of overlying strata in goaf, based on the
short-wall paste continuous mining and filling technology, this study proposes a collaborative optimization method of
continuous mining and filling and key pillar filling. On the basis of traditional filling technology, the space utilization rate and
economic benefits of goaf are further improved. In this paper, three kinds of skip-mining modes and corresponding bearing
structures are designed, which are named as Common Single Stripe Elements Backfilling while Mining (CSEBM), Trinity
Stripe Elements Backfilling while Mining (TRSEBM) and Twosome Stripe Elements Backfilling while Mining (TWSEBM),
respectively. The corresponding supporting technology and parameters are optimized, and the stress distribution characteristics
under different filling skip-mining modes are revealed by COMSOL numerical simulation. Based on the geological conditions
of a mining area in Shanxi Province, this paper uses the probability integral method to predict the surface subsidence law after
mining, and obtains the surface subsidence, horizontal movement, horizontal deformation and curvature distribution
characteristics under different skip filling methods. The comparative analysis shows that the surface settlement, horizontal
displacement, deformation and curvature of the scattered pillar filling scheme are the smallest, and the damage area of the filling
column itself is small, which can significantly improve the volume efficiency of space construction, and lay a solid foundation
for the deep development and diversified space utilization of underground space resources.
Key Words
backfilling mining; continuous mining and continuous backfilling; key pillar backfilling; simulation;
underground space reservation
Address
Jinhai Zhao, Congcong Niu, Liming Yin, Weilong Zhu and Xinguo Zhang: College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China;
State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Mining Disaster Prevention and Control, Shandong University of Science and Technology,
Qingdao 266590, China
