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CONTENTS
Volume 5, Number 3, September 2018
 

Abstract
This study aims to propose a performance-based design method of a novel passive base isolation system, BIO isolation system, which is inspired by an energy dissipation mechanism called \'sacrificial bonds and hidden length\'. Fragility functions utilized in this study are derived, indicating the probability that a component, element, or system will be damaged as a function of a single predictive demand parameter. Based on PEER framework methodology for Performance-Based Earthquake Engineering (PBEE), a systematic design procedure using performance and fragility objectives is presented. Base displacement, superstructure absolute acceleration and story drift ratio are selected as engineering demand parameters. The new design method is then performed on a general two degree-of-freedom (2DOF) structure model and the optimal design under different seismic intensities is obtained through numerical analysis. Seismic performances of the biologically inspired (BIO) isolation system are compared with that of the linear isolation system. To further demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of this method, the BIO isolation system of a 4-storey reinforced concrete building is designed and investigated. The newly designed BIO isolators effectively decrease the superstructure responses and base displacement under selected earthquake excitations, showing good seismic performance.

Key Words
bio-inspired isolator; seismic performance; fragility; optimal design

Address
Fan Hu: Research Institute of Structural Engineering and Disaster Reduction, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China;
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley CA, 94704, United States
Zhiguo Shi and Jiazeng Shan:Research Institute of Structural Engineering and Disaster Reduction, Tongji University,
Shanghai 200092, China



Abstract
The set of processes performed to determine the dynamic characteristics of the constructed structures is named experimental modal analysis. Using experimental modal analysis and interpreting its results, structural failure can be assessed and then it would be possible to plan for their repair and maintenance. The purpose of the experimental modal analysis is to determine the resonance frequencies, mode shapes and Mode damping for the structure. Diverse methods for determining the shape of the mode by various researchers have been presented. There are pros and cons for each of these methods. This paper presents a method for determining the mode shape of the structures using the response spectrum in the experimental modal analysis. In the first part, the principles of the proposed method are described. Then, to check the accuracy of the results obtained from the proposed method, single and multiple degrees of freedom models were numerically and experimentally investigated.

Key Words
experimental modal analysis; mode shape; response spectrum; structural dynamics

Address
Behrouz Babakhani: Department of Civil Engineering, Arak branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran
Hossein Rahami: School of Engineering Science, College of Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Reza Karami Mohammadi: Department of Civil Engineering, K.N. Toosi, University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
The proper functioning of critical points on transport infrastructure is decisive for the entire network. Tunnels and bridges certainly belong to the critical points of the surface transport network, both road and rail. Risk management should be a holistic and dynamic process throughout the entire life cycle. However, the level of risk is usually determined only during the design stage mainly due to the fact that it is a time-consuming and costly process. This paper presents a simplified quantitative risk analysis method that can be used any time during the decades of a tunnel\'s lifetime and can estimate the changing risks on a continuous basis and thus uncover hidden safety threats. The presented method is a decision support system for tunnel managers designed to preserve or even increase tunnel safety. The CAPITA method is a deterministic scenario-oriented risk analysis approach for assessment of mortality risks in road tunnels in case of the most dangerous situation – a fire. It is implemented through an advanced risk analysis CAPITA SW. Both, the method as well as the resulting software were developed by the authors\' team. Unlike existing analyzes requiring specialized microsimulation tools for traffic flow, smoke propagation and evacuation modeling, the CAPITA contains comprehensive database with the results of thousands of simulations performed in advance for various combinations of variables. This approach significantly simplifies the overall complexity and thus enhances the usability of the resulting risk analysis. Additionally, it provides the decision makers with holistic view by providing not only on the expected risk but also on the risk

Key Words
road tunnel; risk analysis; deterministic approach; scenario oriented method, fire; software tool; CAPITA

Address
Pavel Pribyl, Ondrej Pribyl and Jan Michek: Czech Technical University in Prague, Faculty of Transportation Sciences
Konviktská 20, Praha 1, 11000, Czech Republic


Abstract
In this paper, a novel and effective damage diagnosis algorithm is proposed to detect and estimate damage using two stages least squares support vector machine (LS-SVM) and limited number of attached sensors on structures. In the first stage, LS-SVM1 is used to predict the unmeasured mode shapes data based on limited measured modal data and in the second stage, LS-SVM2 is used to predicting the damage location and severity using the complete modal data from the first-stage LS-SVM1. The presented methods are applied to a three story irregular frame and cantilever plate. To investigate the noise effects and modeling errors, two uncertainty levels have been considered. Moreover, the performance of the proposed methods has been verified through using experimental modal data of a mass-stiffness system. The obtained damage identification results show the suitable performance of the proposed damage identification method for structures in spite of different uncertainty levels.

Key Words
unmeasured mode shapes; two stages method; LS-SVM; sparse sensors; uncertainty levels

Address
Seyed Sina Kourehli: Department of Civil Engineering, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran

Abstract
he purpose of this article is to strengthen concrete structures using buckling and non-buckling braces. Connection plates are modeled in three shapes including the effect of 1.5t hinge zone length, 2t one and without the zone (1.5t-CP, 2t-CP and WCP). According to the verification perform with ABAQUS software, the connection plates which are superior in ductility and strengthening are found. The results show adding steel braces in concrete moment frames increase the strength and stiffness of the structures up to about 12 and 3 times, respectively. The frame strength increased about 21 and 25 percent with considering the effect of 2t hinge length in connection plates compared to 1.5t-CPs and WCPs. Also the ductility of retrofitted frames with 2t-CP improved 2.06 times more than WCP ones. Thus, 2t-CP sample is the best choice for connecting steel braces to concrete moment frames for retrofitting them. Afterwards, optimum conditions for elemental coating in braces with no buckling are assessed. The length of concrete coatings could be reduced about 30 percent, and buckling did not occur. Therefore, the weight of restraining coating decreased, and its performance improved. It is worth noting that BRBs could be constructed with only steel materials, which have outer steel tubes too. In fact, only the square cross sections of the tube profiles are appropriate for removing the filler concrete, and the rectangular ones are prone to buckle around their weak axis.

Key Words
gusset plate connections; 2t hinge zone length; concrete frame; buckling restrained frame; steel tube

Address
Moosa Mazloom, Abbas Moosa Farash and Amir Hossein Sanati: Department of Civil Engineering, Shahid Rajaee Teacher Training University, Tehran, Iran
Pardis Pourhaji: Department of Civil Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
In this paper, various model reduction methods were assessed using shear frame, plane, and space truss structures. These structures are one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional, respectively. Three scenarios namely poor, better, and the best were considered for each of the structures where 25%, 40%, and 60% of the total degrees of freedom (DOFs) were measured in each of them, respectively. Natural frequencies of the full and reduced order structures were compared in each of the numerical examples to assess the performance of model reduction methods. Generally, it was found that the system equivalent reduction expansion process (SEREP) provides full accuracy in the model reduction for all of the numerical examples and scenarios. Iterated improved reduced system (IIRS) was the second-best, providing acceptable results and lower error in higher modes in comparison to the improved reduced system (IRS) method, although Guyan

Key Words
Model reduction method; Guyan; IRS; IIRS; SEREP

Address
Parsa Ghannadi and Seyed Sina Kourehli: Department of Civil Engineering, Ahar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ahar, Iran

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