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CONTENTS
Volume 46, Number 6, March25 2023
 

Abstract
This paper studies electro-magneto-mechanical bending studying of the cylindrical panels based on shear deformation theory. The cylindrical panel is constrained with two simply-supported edges at longitudinal direction and two clamped boundary conditions at circumferential direction. The governing equations are derived based on the principle of virtual work in cylindrical coordinate system. Levy-type solution of the governing equations is derived to reduce two dimensional PDEs to a 2D ODEs. The reduced ordinary differential equation is solved using the Eigen-value Eigen-vector method for the clamped-clamped boundary condition. The electro-magneto-mechanical bending results are obtained to show that every displacement, rotation and electromagnetic potentials how change with changes of initial electromagnetic potentials and mechanical loads along longitudinal and circumferential directions.

Key Words
cylindrical panel; eigen-value eigen-vector method; electro-magneto-mechanical bending results; levy-type solution; shear deformation theory

Address
Jia He:College of Civil Engineering, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic 610010, Sichuan, China

Xuejiao Zhang:China Machinery International Engineering Design & Research Institute Co.,Ltd 410018, Jiangsu, China

Hong Gong:College of Civil Engineering, Chengdu Aeronautic Polytechnic 610010, Sichuan, China

H. Elhosiny Ali:1)Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, Saudi Arabia
2)Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha 61413, P.O. Box 9004, Saudi Arabia
3)Physics Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, 44519 Zagazig, Egypt

Elimam Ali:Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
Vehicle load information is an important role in operating and ensuring the structural health of cable-stayed bridges. In this regard, an efficient and economic method is proposed for vehicle load detection based on the observed cable tension and vehicle position using a graph neural network (GNN). Datasets are first generated using the practical advanced analysis program (PAAP), a robust program for modeling and considering both geometric and material nonlinearities of bridge structures subjected to vehicle load with low computational costs. With the superiority of GNN, the proposed model is demonstrated to precisely capture complex nonlinear correlations between the input features and vehicle load in the output. Four popular machine learning methods including artificial neural network (ANN), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), and support vector machines (SVM) are refereed in a comparison. A case study of a cable-stayed bridge with the typical truck is considered to evaluate the model's performance. The results demonstrate that the GNN-based model provides high accuracy and efficiency in prediction with satisfactory correlation coefficients, efficient determination values, and very small errors; and is a novel approach for vehicle load detection with the input data of the existing monitoring system.

Key Words
cable-stayed bridge; deep learning; graph neural network; practical advanced analysis; structural health monitoring; vehicle load detection

Address
Van-Thanh Pham, Cheol-Ho Kim, Yun Jang and Seung-Eock Kim:Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea

Hye-Sook Son:Department of Computer Engineering, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea

Abstract
In order to study the fatigue performance of the flat steel plate-lightweight aggregate concrete hollow composite bridge slab subjected to fatigue load, both static test on two specimens and fatigue test on six specimens were conducted. The effects of the arrangement of the steel pipes, the amplitude of the fatigue load and the upper limit as well as lower limit of fatigue load on failure performance were investigated. Besides, for specimens in fatigue test, strains of the concrete, residual deflection, bending stiffness, residual bearing capacity and dynamic response were analyzed. Test results showed that the specimens failed in the fracture of the bottom flat steel plate regardless of the arrangement of the steel pipes. Moreover, the fatigue loading cycles of composite slab were mainly controlled by the amplitude of the fatigue load, but the influences of upper limit and lower limit of fatigue load on fatigue life was slight. The fatigue life of the composite bridge slabs can be determined by the fatigue strength of bottom flat steel plate, which can be calculated by the method of allowable stress amplitude in steel structure design code.

Key Words
experimental study; failure mode; fatigue behavior; fatigue life; innovative hollow composite bridge slabs

Address
Yang Chen:1)Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
2)State Key Laboratory of Green Building in Western China, Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710055, China

Zhaowei Jiang, Qing Xu and Chong Ren:Department of Civil Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China

Abstract
This manuscript presents a comprehensive mathematical model to investigate buckling stability and postbuckling response of bio-inspired composite beams with helicoidal orientations. The higher order shear deformation theory as well as the Timoshenko beam theories are exploited to include the shear influence. The equilibrium nonlinear integro-differential equations of helicoidal composite beams are derived in detail using the energy conservation principle. Differential integral quadrature method (DIQM) is employed to discretize the nonlinear system of differential equations and solve them via the Newton iterative method then obtain the response of helicoidal composite beam. Numerical calculations are carried out to check the validity of the present solution methodology and to quantify the effects of helicoidal rotation angle, elastic foundation constants, beam theories, geometric and material properties on buckling, postbuckling of bio-inspired helicoidal composite beams. The developed model can be employed in design and analysis of curved helicoidal composite beam used in aerospace and naval structures.

Key Words
bio-inspired composite; buckling and postbuckling stability; differential integral quadrature method; helicoidal orientations; numerical solutions

Address
Nazira Mohamed and Salwa A. Mohamed:Department of Engineering Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt

Alaa A. Abdelrhmaan:Mechanical Design and Production Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig, Egypt

Mohamed A. Eltaher:1)Mechanical Engineering Dept., Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
2)Mechanical Design and Production Dept., Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig, Egypt

Abstract
Connections with damage concentrated to pre-selected components can enhance seismic resilience for moment resisting frames. These pre-selected components always yield early to dissipate energy, and their energy dissipation mechanisms vary from one to another, depending on their position in the connection, geometry configuration details, and mechanical characteristics. This paper presents behaviour insights on two types of beam-to-beam connections that the angles were designed as energy dissipation components, through the results of experimental study and finite element analysis. Firstly, an experimental programme was reviewed, and key responses concerning the working mechanism of the connections were presented, including strain distribution at the critical section, section force responses of essential components, and initial stiffness of test specimens. Subsequently, finite element models of three specimens were established to further interpret their behaviour and response that were not observable in the tests. The moment and shear force transfer paths of the composite connections were clarified through the test results and finite element analysis. It was observed that the bending moment is mainly resisted by axial forces from the components, and the dominant axial force is from the bottom angles; the shear force at the critical section is primarily taken by the slab and the components near the top flange. Lastly, based on the insights on the load transfer path of the composite connections, preliminary design recommendations are proposed. In particular, a resistance requirement, quantified by a moment capacity ratio, was placed on the connections. Design models and equations were also developed for predicting the yield moment resistance and the shear resistance of the connections. A flexible beam model was proposed to quantify the shear resistance of essential components.

Key Words
bolted connections; composite beams; slabs; steel structures

Address
Xiuzhang He:1)School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
2)Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

Michael C.H. Yam:1)Department of Building and Real Estate, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
2)Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Steel Construction (Hong Kong Branch),
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China

Ke Ke, Xuhong Zhou, Huanyang Zhang and Zi Gu:School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China

Abstract
In this study, cyclic loading tests were conducted to assess the seismic performance of cast-in-place (CIP) concretefilled hollow core precast concrete columns (HPCC) constructed using steel ducts and rubber tubes. The outer shells of HPCC, with a hollow ratio of 47%, were fabricated using steel ducts and rubber tubes, respectively. Two combinations of shear studs & long threaded bars or cross-deformed bars & V-ties were employed to ensure the structural integrity of the old concrete (outer shell) and new CIP concrete. Up to a drift ratio of 3.8%, the hysteresis loop, yielding stiffness, dissipated energy, and equivalent damping ratio of the HPCC specimens were largely comparable to those of the solid columns. Besides the similarities in cyclic load-displacement responses, the strain history of the longitudinal bars and the transverse confinement of the three specimens also exhibited similar patterns. The measured maximum moment exceeded the predicted moment according to ACI 318 by more than 1.03 times. However, the load reduction of the HPCC specimen after reaching peak strength was marginally greater than that of the solid specimen. The energy dissipation and equivalent damping ratios of the HPCC specimens were 20% and 25% lower than those of the solid specimen, respectively. Taking into account the overall results, the structural behavior of HPCC specimens fabricated using steel ducts and rubber tubes is deemed comparable to that of solid columns. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the two combinations for securing structural integrity functioned as expected, and that rubber air-tubes can be effectively used to create well-shaped hollow sections.

Key Words
composite column; hollow section; cyclic loading test; precast concrete column; rubber air tube

Address
Chae-Rim Im, Sanghee Kim, Keun-Hyeok Yang, Ju-Hyun Mun:Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Kyonggi-Do, Republic of Korea

Jong Hwan Oh:Technical Research Institute, IS Dongseo, 741, Yeongdong-daero, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Jae-Il Sim:Korea Disaster Prevention Safety Technology Co., Ltd, Donggok-ro, Gwangsan-gu, Gwangju, Republic of Korea

Abstract
This study developed an evaluation system to explore the effect of the environmental temperature on the stress redistribution produced by cable stress relaxation of structural members in a steel cable-stayed bridge. The generalized Maxwell model is used to estimate stress relaxation at different temperatures. The environmental temperature is represented using the thermal coefficients and temperature loads. The fmincon optimization function is used to determine the set of stress relaxation parameters at different temperatures for all cables. The ABAQUS software is employed to investigate the stress redistribution of the steel cable-stayed bridge caused by the cable stress relaxation and the environmental temperature. All of these steps are set up as an evaluation system to save time and ensure the accuracy of the study results. The developed evaluation system is then employed to investigate the effect of environmental temperature and cable type on stress redistribution. These studies' findings show that as environmental temperatures increased up to 40°C,the redistribution rate increased by up to 34.9% in some girders. The results also show that the cable type with low relaxation rates should be used in high environmental temperature areas to minimize the effect of cable stress relaxation.

Key Words
cable-stayed bridge; cable stress relaxation; high-strength steel cable; long-term deformation; thermal effect stress relaxation

Address
Tien-Thang Hong, Duc-Kien Thai and Seung-Eock Kim:Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, South Korea

Abstract
This paper presents the seismic performance of seven beam-column joints with an eccentricity between beam depths under cyclic loadings. The failure modes of the panel zone were divided into two types. One was the shear force failure that appeared in the entire panel zone (SFEPZ), the other was the shear force failure that appeared in the partial panel zone (SFPPZ). Seven finite element models were established using multi-scale methods. Compared with the experimental specimens, the hysteretic loops exhibited a similar trend. The multi-scale models could accurately simulate the experimental results. Furthermore, the calculation formulas of yield and plastic shear capacity of unequal-depth joints with outer annular stiffener were proposed.

Key Words
beam-column joint; multi-scale model; outer annular stiffener; shear capacity formula; unequal-depth joint

Address
Ben Mou:School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China

Aijia Zhang:School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Saitama University, Saitama, Japan

Wei Pan:School of Civil Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China

Abstract
This work presents a simple four-unknown refined integral plate theory for mechanical and thermal buckling behaviors of functionally graded (FG) plates resting on Visco-Pasternak foundations. The proposed refined high order shear deformation theory has a new displacement field which includes indeterminate integral variables and contains only four unknowns in which any shear correction factor not used, with even less than the conventional theory of first shear strain (FSDT). Governing equations are deduced from the principle of minimum total potential energy and a Navier type analytical solution is adopted for simply supported FG plates. The Visco-Pasternak foundations is considered by adding the impact of damping to the usual foundation model which characterized by the linear Winkler's modulus and Pasternak's foundation modulus. The accuracy of the present model is demonstrated by comparing the computed results with those available in the literature. Some numerical results are presented to show the impact of material index, elastic foundation type, and damping coefficient of the foundation, on the mechanical and thermal buckling behaviors of FG plates.

Key Words
buckling; four-unknown refined integral plate theory; functionally graded plate; Visco-Pasternak foundations

Address
Samira Hassiba Tagrara: 1) Departement de génie civil, Ecole nationale polytechnique d'Oran - Maurice Audin, Algérie 2)Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria

Mohamed Mehdi hamri: Evolutionary Engineering and Distributed Information System Laboratory, Computer Science Departement, Exact Science Faculty, Djillali Liabes University at Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria

Mahmoud Mohamed Selim Saleh: Department of Mathematics, Al-Aflaj College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Aflaj, Al-Kharj 710- 11912, Saudi Arabia

Mofareh Hassan Ghazwani: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Jazan University, P.O Box 45124, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudia Arabia 6Université Ibn Khaldoun, BP 78 Zaaroura, 14000 Tiaret, Algerie

Abdelbaki Chikh:1) Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria 2) Universite Ibn Khaldoun, BP 78 Zaaroura, 14000 Tiaret, Algerie

Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla: Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-échelle, Université de Sidi Bel Abbés, Algeria

Abdelhakim Kaci:1) Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria 2) Universite Dr. Tahar Moulay, Faculte de Technologie, Departement de Genie Civil et Hydraulique, BP 138 Cite En-Nasr 20000 Saida, Algerie

Fouad Bourada: 1) Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria 2) 9Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tissemsilt University, Algeria

Abdelouahed Tounsi: 1) Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria 2) YFL (Yonsei Frontier Lab), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea 3)Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia


Abstract
This study aimed to develop a seismic retrofit technique using a steel frame which can be easily transported and assembled on site. This enables the retrofit steel frame to be easily attached to an existing structure minimizing the unwanted gap between the structure and the steel frame assembly. A one-story one-bay RC frame was tested with and without seismic retrofit using the proposed steel frame to verify the seismic retrofit effect of the proposed system, and an analysis model was developed in Opensees for seismic performance evaluation of a case study soft first-story model structure retrofitted with the developed steel frame assembly. Seismic performance of the model structure was also evaluated considering soil structure interaction effect. The experimental study confirmed that the proposed seismic retrofit system can be applied effectively to improve the seismic performance of framed structures. Time history analysis results of the model structure showed that the proposed steel frame assembly was effective in increasing the seismic load resisting capacity of the soft first-story structure. However more steel frame assemblies were required to satisfy the given performance limit state of the model structure located on weak soil due to the negative soil-structure interaction effect.

Key Words
seismic retrofit; soft first-story; soil-structure interaction; steel-frame assembly

Address
Michael Adane, Seungho Chun and Jinkoo Kim:Department of Global Smart City, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon Korea

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