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CONTENTS
Volume 32, Number 5, September10 2019
 

Abstract
The bond strength between composite laminates and concrete is a key factor that controls the behavior of concrete members strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) sheets, which can be affected by several parameters such as thermal stresses and surface preparation. This article presents the result of an experimental study on the bond strength between FRP sheets and concrete at ambient temperature after specimens had been exposed to elevated temperatures of up to 200°C. For this purpose, 30 specimens of plain concrete with dimensions of 150×150×350 mm were prepared. Three different conventional surface preparation methods (sandblasting, wire brushing and hole drilling) were considered and compared with a new efficient method (fiber implantation). Deformation field during each experiment was monitored using particle image velocimetry. The results showed that, the specimens which were prepared by conventional surface preparation methods, preserved their bond integrity when exposed to temperature below glass transition temperature of epoxy resin (about 60°C). Beyond this temperature, the bond strength and stiffness decreased significantly (about 50%) in comparison with control specimens. However, the specimens prepared by the proposed method displayed higher bond strengths of up to 32% and 90% at 25°C and 200°C, respectively.

Key Words
FRP; temperature; bond strength; fiber implantation; PIV

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.


Abstract
This study aimed to assess the feasibility on the wide and long 9%Ni steel plate for use in the LNG storage inner tank shell. First, 5-m-wide and 15-m-long 9%Ni steel plates were test manufactured from a steel mill and specimens taken from the plates were tested for strength, toughness, and flatness to verify their performance based on international standards and design specifications. Second, plates with a thickness of 10 mm and 25 mm, a width of 4.8~5.0 m, and a length of 15 m were test fabricated by subjecting to pretreatment, beveling, and roll bending resulting in a final width of 4.5~4.8 m and a length of 14.8m with fabrication errors identical to conventional plates. Third, welded specimens obtained via shield metal arc welding used for vertical welding of inner tank shell and submerged arc welding used for horizontal welding were also tested for strength, toughness and ductility. Fourth, verification of shell plate material and fabrication was followed by test erection using two 25-mm-thick, 4.5-m-wide and 14.8-m-long 9%Ni steel plates. No undesirable welding failure or deformation was found. Finally, parametric design using wide and long 9%Ni steel plates was carried out, and a simplified design method to determine the plate thickness along the shell height was proposed. The cost analysis based on the parametric design resulted in about 2% increase of steel weight; however, the construction cost was reduced about 6% due to large reduction in welding work.

Key Words
LNG storage inner tank shell; 9%Ni steel; wide and long plate; fabrication; erection; cost analysis

Address
(1) Myungjin Chung:
Material and Structure Research Group, POSCO E&C, 241, Incheon tower-daero, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22009, Republic of Korea;
(2) Jongmin Kim:
Steel Structure Research Group, POSCO, 100, Songdogwahak-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea;
(3) Jin-Kook Kim:
Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.

Abstract
In recent years, composite concrete-filled steel tubular (CFST) members have been widely utilized in framed building structures like beams, columns, and beam-columns since they have significant advantages such as reducing construction time, improving the seismic performance, and possessing high ductility, strength, and energy absorbing capacity. This paper presents a new composite joint - the composite CFST beam-column joint in which the CFST member is used as the beam. The main components of the proposed composite joint are steel H-beams, CFST beams welded with the steel H-column, and a reinforced concrete slab. The steel H-beams and CFST beams are connected with the concrete slab using shear connectors to ensure composite action between them. The structural performance of the proposed composite joint was evaluated through an experimental investigation. A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate this composite joint using the ABAQUS/Explicit software, and the accuracy of the FE model was verified with the relevant experimental results. In addition, a number of parametric studies were made to examine the effects of the steel box beam thickness, concrete compressive strength, steel yield strength, and reinforcement ratio in the concrete slab on the proposed joint performance.

Key Words
concrete-filled steel tubular; composite joints; finite element model; ABAQUS/explicit

Address
(1) Soon-Sub Eom, Quang-Viet Vu, Ji-Hun Choi, Seung-Eock Kim:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Sejong University, 98 Gunja-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05006, South Korea;
(2) Quang-Viet Vu:
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vietnam Maritime University, 484 Lach Tray Street, Ngo Quyen District, Hai Phong city, Vietnam;
(3) George Papazafeiropoulos:
Department of Structural Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Athens 15780, Greece.

Abstract
This paper deals with the static and dynamic behavior of Functionally Graded Carbon Nanotubes (FG-CNT)-reinforced porous sandwich (PMPV) polymer plate. The model of nanocomposite plate is investigated within the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT). Two types of porous sandwich plates are supposed (sandwich with face sheets reinforced / homogeneous core and sandwich with homogeneous face sheets / reinforced core). Functionally graded Carbon Nanotubes (FG-CNT) and uniformly Carbon Nanotubes (UD-CNT) distributions of face sheets or core porous plates with uniaxially aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes are considered. The governing equations are derived by using Hamilton's principle. The solution for bending and vibration of such type's porous plates are obtained. The detailed mathematical derivations are provided and the solutions are compared to some cases in the literature. The effect of the several parameters of reinforced sandwich porous plates such as aspect ratios, volume fraction, types of reinforcement, number of modes and thickness of plate on the bending and vibration analyses are studied and discussed. On the question of porosity, this study found that there is a great influence of their variation on the static and vibration of porous sandwich plate.

Key Words
nanotubes; FG-CNTRC; bending; shear deformation; nanocomposite; porosities; sandwich

Address
(1) Mohammed Medani, Abdelillah Benahmed, Houari Heireche:
University Djillali Liabes- Sidi-Bel-Abbès, BP 89, Sidi Bel Abbès 22000, Algeria;
(2) Mohammed Medani, Abdelillah Benahmed, Houari Heireche, Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla:
Laboratory of Modeling and Multi-Scale Simulation, Department of Physics, Faculty of Exact Science University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria;
(3) Mohamed Zidour:
University Ibn Khaldoun, BP 78 Zaaroura, 14000 Tiaret, Algeria;
(4) Mohamed Zidour:
Laboratory of Geomatics and Sustainable Development, University of Ibn Khaldoun-Tiaret, Algeria;
(5) Abdelouahed Tounsi, Abdeldjebbar Tounsi:
Laboratory of Materials and Hydrology, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, BP 89 Ben M'hidi, 22000 Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria;
(6) Abdelouahed Tounsi:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia;
(7) Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla:
Centre Universitaire Ahmed Zabana de Relizane, Algérie;
(8) S.R. Mahmoud:
GRC Department, Jeddah Community College, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract
In this work, a four-variable refined plate model is applied to study the thermomechanical bending of two kinds of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates. The sandwich core of one kind is isotropic with the FGM face sheets whereas in the second kind, the sandwich core is FGM with the isotropic and homogeneous face sheets. By considering only four unknown variables, the governing equations are written based on the principle of virtual work and then Navier method is employed to solve these equations. Deflections and stresses of two kinds of FGM sandwich structures are analyzed and discussed. The validity and efficiency of the proposed model is checked by comparing it with various available solutions in the literature. The effects of volume fraction distribution, geometric ratio and thermal load on thermomechanical bending properties of FGM sandwich plate are investigated in detail.

Key Words
sandwich plate; thermomechanical; HSDT; functionally graded material

Address
(1) Ahmed Bouamoud, Belhadj Boucham:
Laboratory of Mechanics of Structures and Solids (LMSS), Faculty of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Djilali Liabes of Sidi Bel Abbes, B.P 89 Cité Ben M'Hidi, Sidi Bel-Abbes 22000, Algeria;
(2) Fouad Bourada, Mohammed Sid Ahmed Houari, Abdelouahed Tounsi:
Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria;
(3) Fouad Bourada:
Département des Sciences et de la Technologie, centre universitaire de Tissemsilt, BP 38004 Ben Hamouda, Algérie;
(4) Mohammed Sid Ahmed Houari:
Department of Civil Engineering, University Mustapha Stambouli of Mascara, Algeria;
(5) Mohammed Sid Ahmed Houari:
Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia;
(6) Abdelouahed Tounsi:
Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-échelle, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Département de Physique, Université de Sidi Bel Abbés, Algeria;
(7) Abdelouahed Tounsi:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia.

Abstract
In this work, lightweight sandwich plates consisting of a functionally graded porous (FGP) core and two laminated composite face sheets resting on elastic foundation have been proposed. Three different profiles are considered for the distributions of porosities along core thickness. The main aim of this paper is the investigation of the buckling behavior of the proposed porous sandwich plates (PSPs) by reporting their critical mechanical loads and their corresponding mode shapes. A finite element method (FEM) based on first order shear deformation theories (FSDT) is developed to discretize governing equations for the buckling behavior of the proposed sandwich plates. The effects of porosity dispersion and volume, the numbers and angles of laminated layers, sandwich plate geometrical dimensions, elastic foundation coefficients, loading and boundary conditions are studied. The results show that the use of FGP core can offer a PSP with half weight core and only 5% reduction in critical buckling loads. Moreover, stacking sequences with only ±45 orientation fibers offer the highest values of buckling loads.

Key Words
sandwich plates; functionally graded porous core; laminated composites; buckling behaviors; FEM

Address
School of Mechanical and Precision Instrument Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.


Abstract
Perforation and cutouts of structures are compulsory in some modern applications such as in heat exchangers, nuclear power plants, filtration and microeletromicanical system (MEMS). This perforation complicates dynamic analyses of these structures. Thus, this work tends to introduce semi-analytical model capable of investigating the dynamic performance of perforated beam structure under free and forced conditions, for the first time. Closed forms for the equivalent geometrical and material characteristics of the regular square perforated beam regular square, are presented. The governing dynamical equation of motion is derived based on Euler-Bernoulli kinematic displacement. Closed forms for resonant frequencies, corresponding Eigen-mode functions and forced vibration time responses are derived. The proposed analytical procedure is proved and compared with both analytical and numerical analyses and good agreement is noticed. Parametric studies are conducted to illustrate effects of filling ratio and the number of holes on the free vibration characteristic, and forced vibration response of perforated beams. The obtained results are supportive in mechanical design of large devices and small systems (MEMS) based on perforated structure.

Key Words
free vibration; forced vibration; dynamical behavior; perforation; Euler-Bernoulli beam; semi-analytical method

Address
(1) Khalid H. Almitani, Mohamed A. Eltaher:
Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia;
(2) Alaa A. Abdelrahman, Mohamed A. Eltaher:
Mechanical Design & Production Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, P.O. Box 44519, Zagazig, Egypt.

Abstract
This paper proposes a one-dimensional fiber beam element model taking account of materially non-linear behavior, benefiting the highly efficient elastic-plastic analysis of girders with shear-lag effects. Based on the displacement-based fiber beam-column element, two additional degrees of freedom (DOFs) are added into the proposed model to consider the shear-lag warping deformations of the slabs. The new finite element (FE) formulations of the tangent stiffness matrix and resisting force vector are deduced with the variational principle of the minimum potential energy. Then the proposed element is implemented in the OpenSees computational framework as a newly developed element, and the full Newton iteration method is adopted for an iterative solution. The typical materially non-linear behaviors, including the cracking and crushing of concrete, as well as the plasticity of the reinforcement and steel girder, are all considered in the model. The proposed model is applied to several test cases under elastic or plastic loading states and compared with the solutions of theoretical models, tests, and shell/solid refined FE models. The results of these comparisons indicate the accuracy and applicability of the proposed model for the analysis of both concrete box girders and steel-concrete composite girders, under either elastic or plastic states.

Key Words
fiber beam element; shear lag; elastic-plastic analysis; steel-concrete composite girder

Address
(1) Wu-Tong Yan, Bing Han, Li Zhu, Yu-Ying Jiao, Hui-Bing Xie:
School of Civil Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, P.R. China;
(2) Bing Han:
Key Laboratory of Safety and Risk Management on Transport Infrastructures, Ministry of Transport, PRC, Beijing 100044, P.R. China.

Abstract
Active control of solar panels with honeycomb core and carbon nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) facesheets for smart structures using piezoelectric patch sensor and actuator to reduce the amplitude of vibration is a lack of the previous study and it is the novelty of this research. Of active control elements are piezoelectric patches which act as sensors and actuators in many systems. Their low power consumption is worth mentioning. Thus, deriving a simple and efficient model of piezoelectric patch's elastic, electrical, and elastoelectric properties would be of much significance. In the present study, first, to reduce vibrations in composite plates reinforced by carbon nanotubes, motion equations were obtained by the extended rule of mixture. Second, to simulate the equations of the system, up to 36 mode shape vectors were considered so that the stress strain behavior of the panel and extent of displacement are thoroughly evaluated. Then, to have a more acceptable analysis, the effects of external disturbances (Aerodynamic forces) and lumped mass are investigated on the stability of the system. Finally, elastoelectric effects are examined in piezoelectric patches. The results of the present research can be used for micro-vibration suppression in satellites such as solar panels, space telescopes, and interferometers and also to optimize active control panel for various applications.

Key Words
active vibration control; solar panels; piezoelectric patches; honeycomb core; CNTRC

Address
(1) M. Mohammadimehr:
Department of Solid Mechanics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran;
(2) Amir Amini, A.R. Faraji:
Department of Control, Faculty of Computer and Electrical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran.

Abstract
In this paper, free and force vibration behaviors of graphene-reinforced composite functionally graded (GRC-FG) cylindrical shells in thermal environments are investigated based on Reddy's third-order shear deformation theory (HSDT). The GRC-FG cylindrical shells are composed of piece-wise pattern graphene-reinforced layers which have different volume fraction. Based on the extended Halpin-Tsai micromechanical model, the effective material properties of the resulting nanocomposites are evaluated. Using the Hamilton's principle and the assumed mode method, the motion equation of the GRC-FG cylindrical shells is formulated. Using the time- and frequency-domain methods, free and force vibration properties of the GRC-FG cylindrical shell are analyzed. Numerical cases are provided to study the effects of distribution of graphene, shell radius-to-thickness ratio and temperature changes on the free and force vibration responses of GRC-FG cylindrical shells.

Key Words
vibration; graphene; HSDT; extended Halpin-Tsai model; analytical modeling

Address
Institute of Geotechnical Engineering, School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi, P.R. China


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