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CONTENTS
Volume 26, Number 5, November 2020
 

Abstract
A two-dimensional particle flow cod (PFC) is used to study the effect of missile impact on the concrete target. For this purpose firstly calibration of numerical model was performed so that tensile strength of numerical models and experimental sample were the same. Secondly, a concrete model was built. The number of concrete layers and the angle of concrete layers related to horizontal axis were changed. Their numbers were 1, 2, 3 and 4. The angles were 0o, 15o, 30o, 45o, 60o, 75o and 90o. A semi-circle missile was simulated at top of the concrete layers. Its velocity in opposite side of Y direction was 100 m/s. three measuring circles were situated at the below the missile in the model to receive the applied force. The load in the missile and measuring circles together with failure pattern were registered at the beginning of the impaction. The results show that concrete layers number and concrete layers angle have important effect on the failure load while the failure pattern was nearly constant in all of the models.

Key Words
PFC2D; concrete layers; missile impact

Address
Vahab Sarfarazi and Shadman M. Bolban Abad: Department of Mining Engineering, Hamedan University of Technology, Hamedan, Iran

Abstract
The influence of combination of nano silica and silica fume, as partial cement replacement materials, on the properties of concrete has been studied through the measurement of compressive strength. The compressive strength of concrete in terms of mean, standard deviation and with-in-test coefficient of variation related to the variation in the nominated parameters have also been developed. The compressive strength data developed experimentally has been analyzed using normal-probability distribution and partial safety factors of composite concretes have been evaluated by using first order second moment approach with Hasofer Lind's method. The use of Nano silica and silica fume in concrete decreases the partial safety factor of concrete i.e., increase the reliability of concrete. The experimental results show that the properties of concrete having nano silica and silica fume in combination were better than that of a plain concrete. The SEM test results showing the level of Ca(OH)2 in plain concrete and consumption level Ca(OH)2 of concrete containing nano silica & silica fume have also been presented.

Key Words
nano silica; silica fume; compressive strength (Com. St.); partial safety factor (PSF); coefficient of variation (COV); with-in-test coefficient of variation (WCV); SEM; mean; standard deviation (St. De); superplasticizer

Address
Anil Kumar Nanda: RIMT University, Mandi Gobindgarh 147301, India
Prem Pal Bansal: Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, India
Maneek Kumar: School of Engineering and Technology, BML Munjal University, Gurgaon, India

Abstract
The current study targets to estimate the contribution of the end-anchored FRP composites in resisting shear force using a soft computing tool i.e., adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). A total of 107 sets of data accumulated from literature was utilized for the development and evaluation of the current ANFIS model. A comparative analysis between the ANFIS predictions and the acquired experimental results has shown that the ANFIS predictions are in very good agreement with that of experimental ones. Additionally, the accuracy of the current ANFIS model has been weighed up against the estimates of nine widely adopted design guidelines. Based on various statistical parameters, it has been deduced that the effectiveness of the current ANFIS model is better than the considered design guidelines. Besides this, a parametric study was carried out to explore the combined effect of different parameters as well as the impact of individual parameters.

Key Words
RC beam; ANFIS; FRP; shear strengthening; end-anchorage

Address
Swapnasarit Kar and K.C. Biswal: Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha - 769008, India

Abstract
Deep Convolution neural network (DCNN) has been widely used in the healthy maintenance of civil infrastructure. Using DCNN to improve crack detection performance has attracted many researchers' attention. In this paper, a light-weight spatial attention network module is proposed to strengthen the representation capability of ResNet and improve the crack detection performance. It utilizes attention mechanism to strengthen the interested objects in global receptive field of ResNet convolution layers. Global average spatial information over all channels are used to construct an attention scalar. The scalar is combined with adaptive weighted sigmoid function to activate the output of each channel's feature maps. Salient objects in feature maps are refined by the attention scalar. The proposed spatial attention module is stacked in ResNet50 to detect crack. Experiments results show that the proposed module can got significant performance improvement in crack detection.

Key Words
crack detection; attention mechanism; deep convolution neural network

Address
Qiaoning Yang, Si Jiang, Juan Chen and Weiguo Lin: College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029, Beijing, China

Abstract
In this study, the two-dimensional generalized finite integral transform(FIT) approach was extended for new accurate thermal buckling analysis of fully clamped orthotropic thin plates. Clamped-clamped beam functions, which can automatically satisfy boundary conditions of the plate and orthogonality as an integral kernel to construct generalized integral transform pairs, are adopted. Through performing the transformation, the governing thermal buckling equation can be directly changed into solving linear algebraic equations, which reduces the complexity of the encountered mathematical problems and provides a more efficient solution. The obtained analytical thermal buckling solutions, including critical temperatures and mode shapes, match well with the finite element method (FEM) results, which verifies the precision and validity of the employed approach.

Key Words
orthotropic rectangular thin plates; thermal buckling; analytical solution; two-dimensional generalized finite integral transform approach

Address
Jinghui Zhang: Key Laboratory of Green Construction and Intelligent Maintenance for Civil Engineering of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
Salamat Ullah: Department of Civil Engineering, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Peshawar, 25000, Pakistan
Yuanyuan Gao: Key Laboratory of Green Construction and Intelligent Maintenance for Civil Engineering of Hebei Province, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
Mehmet Avcar: Department of Civil Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey
Omer Civalek: China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan

Abstract
To shorten the construction times of nuclear facility structures, three high-strength concrete mixtures were developed with specific consideration given to their curing temperatures, their economic efficiency, and the practicality of their quality control. This study was conducted to examine the temperature rise profiles of these three concrete mixtures and the potential for early-age thermal cracking in the primary containment vessel of a nuclear reactor with a wall thickness of 1200 mm. The one-layer placement height of the concrete for the primary containment vessel was increased from the conventional 3 m to 3.5 m. A nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) was conducted using the thermal properties of concrete determined from the isothermal hydration and adiabatic hydration tests, and tuned through comparisons made with temperature rise profiles obtained for 1200-mm-thick mock-up wall specimens cured at temperatures of 5, 20, and 35oC. The hydration heat performance of the three concrete mixtures and their potential to produce thermal cracking in nuclear facilities indicate that the mixtures have considerable potential for practical application to the primary containment vessel of a nuclear reactor at various curing temperatures, fulfilling the minimum requirements of the ACI 301 and minimizing the likelihood of the occurrence of thermal cracks.

Key Words
nuclear facilities; hydration heat; temperature rise; thermal cracking; mock-up wall

Address
Keun-Hyeok Yang: Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
Jae-Sung Mun: R&D Team, GEOPRO Co., Ltd., 129-1 Bongeunsa-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 06121, Republic of Korea
Do-Gyeum Kim: Structural Engineering & Bridges Research Division, Korea Institute of Construction Technology,
283 Goyangdae-ro, Ilsanseo-gu, Goyang 10223, Republic of Korea
Chun-Ho Chang: Department of Civil Engineering, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeol-daero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42601, Republic of Korea
Ju-Hyun Mun: Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea

Abstract
In this research, bending and buckling analyses of porous functionally graded (FG) plate under mechanical load are presented. The properties of the FG plate vary gradually across the thickness according to power-law and exponential functions. The material imperfection is considered to vary depending to a logarithmic function. The plate is modeled by a refined trigonometric shear deformation theory where the use of the shear correction factor is unnecessary. The governing equations of the FG plate are derived via virtual work principle and resolved via Navier solutions. The accuracy of the present model is checked by comparing the obtained results with those found in the literature. The various effects influencing the stresses, displacements and critical buckling loads of the plate are also examined and discussed in detail.

Key Words
static analysis; geometric imperfection; FG-plate; Navier solutions

Address
Tahar Hacen Lamine Bekkaye: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
Bouazza Fahsi: Laboratoire de Modelisation et Simulation Multi-echelle, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla: Laboratoire de Modelisation et Simulation Multi-echelle, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
Fouad Bourada: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; Departement des Sciences et de la Technologie, Centre Universitaire de Tissemsilt, BP 38004 Ben Hamouda, Algerie
Abdeldjebbar Tounsi: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
Kouider Halim Benrahou: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
Abdelouahed Tounsi: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; YFL (Yonsei Frontier Lab), Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
Mesfer Mohammad Al-Zahrani: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
This paper presents experimental and numerical investigations on mechanical properties of ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) with four types of steel fibers; micro steel (MS), crimped (C), round crimped (RC) and hooked-end (H), in two fiber contents of 1% and 2% (by volume) and two lengths of 13 and 30 mm. Compression, direct tension, and four-point bending tests were carried out on four types of specimens (prism, cube, dog-bone and cylinder), to study tensile and flexural strength, fracture energy and modulus of elasticity. Results were compared with UHPC specimens without fibers, as well as with available equations for the modulus of elasticity. Specimens with MS fibers had the best performance for all mechanical properties. Among macro fibers, RC had better overall performance than H and C fibers. Increased fibers improved all mechanical properties of UHPFRC, except for modulus of elasticity, which saw a negligible effect (mostly less than 10%). Moreover, nonlinear finite element simulations successfully captured flexural response of UHPFRC prisms. Finally, nonlinear regression models provided reasonably well predictions of flexural load-deflection behavior of tested specimens (coefficient of correlation, R2 over 0.90).

Key Words
concrete; crimped fibers; steel fibers; ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC); ultra-high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC)

Address
Behrooz Dadmand: Department of Civil Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
Masoud Pourbaba: Department of Civil Engineering, Maragheh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Maragheh, Iran
Hamed Sadaghian: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
Amir Mirmiran: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA

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