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CONTENTS
Volume 13, Number 1, January 2014
 

Abstract
To evaluate the behavior of the advanced unbonded pre-stressed concrete containment vessel (UPCCV) for one typical China nuclear power plant under Japan\'s March 11 earthquake, five nonlinear time history analysis and a nonlinear static analysis of a 1:10 scale UPCCV structure have been carried out with MSC.MARC finite element program. Comparisons between the analytical and experimental results demonstrated that the developed finite element model can predict the earthquake behavior of the UPCCV with fair accuracy. The responses of the 1:10 scale UPCCV subjected to the 11 March 2011 Japan earthquakes recorded at the MYG003 station with the peak ground acceleration (PGA) of 781 gal and at the MYG013 station with the PGA of 982 gal were predicted by the dynamic analysis. Finally, a static analysis was performed to seek the ultimate load carrying capacity for the 1:10 scale UPCCV.

Key Words
earthquake; concrete containment vessel; unbounded tendon; nonlinear time history; finite element analysis

Address
An Duan,Ju Chen and Wei-liang Jin: College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Zuo-zhou Zhao and Jia-ru Qian: Key Laboratory of Civil Engineering Safety and Durability of China Education Ministry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Abstract
This research presents the effect of various ground pozzolanic materials in blended cement concrete on the strength and chloride penetration resistance. An experimental investigation dealing with concrete incorporating ground fly ash (GFA), ground bottom ash (GBA) and ground rice husk ash (GRHA). The concretes were mixed by replacing each pozzolan to Ordinary Portland cement at levels of 0%, 10%, 20% and 40% by weight of binder. Three different water to cement ratios (0.35, 0.48 and 0.62) were used and type F superplasticizer was added to keep the required slump. Compressive strength and chloride permeability were determined at the ages of 28, 60, and 90 days. Furthermore, using this experimental database, linear and nonlinear multiple regression techniques were developed to construct a mathematical model of chloride permeability in concretes. Experimental results indicated that the incorporation of GFA, GBA and GRHA as a partial cement replacement significantly improved compressive strength and chloride penetration resistance. The chloride penetration of blended concrete continuously decreases with an increase in pozzolan content up to 40% of cement replacement and yields the highest reduction in the chloride permeability. Compressive strength of concretes incorporating with these pozzolans was obviously higher than those of the control concretes at all ages. In addition, the nonlinear technique gives a higher degree of accuracy than the linear regression based on statistical parameters and provides fairly reasonable absolute fraction of variance (R2) of 0.974 and 0.960 for the charge passed and chloride penetration depth, respectively.

Key Words
chloride penetration; colourimetric method; coulomb charge passed, multiple regression techniques

Address
Somchai Inthata: Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajabhat Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44000, Thailand
Raungrut Cheerarot: Faculty of Engineering, Mahasarakham University, Mahasarakham 44150, Thailand

Abstract
This research is focused on obtaining the fracture property of steel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC) specimens at early ages of 1, 2, 3 and 7-day, respectively. For this purpose, three point bending tests of nine groups of SFRC beams with notch of 40mm depth and different steel fiber ratios were conducted. The experimental results of early age specimens were compared with the 28-day hardened SFRC specimens. The test results indicated that the steel fiber ratios and curing age significantly influenced the fracture properties of SFRC. A reasonable addition of steel fiber improved the fracture toughness of SFRC, while the fracture energy of SFRC developed with curing age. Moreover, a quadratic relationship between splitting strength and fracture toughness was established based on the experiment results. Additionally, afinite element (FE) method was used to investigate the fracture properties of SFRC.A comparison between the FE analysis and experiment results was also made. The numerical analysis fitted well with the test results, and further details on the failure behaviors of SFRC could be revealed by the suggested numerical simulation method.

Key Words
concrete;steel fiber;SFRC; early-age; fracture energy; fracture toughness; FE method

Address
Chuan-Qing Fu: College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Universityof Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310034, China
Chuan-Qing Fu and Qin-yong M: Collegeof Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui University of Science and Technology, 168 Shungong Road, Huainan 232001, China
Xian-yu Jin and Ye-Tian: College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
A. A. Shah: Department of Civil Engineering, Sarhad University of Science and Information Technology, Ring Road, Peshawar 25000, Pakistan

Abstract
Steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) is known as one of the efficient modern composites that can greatly enhance the material performance of cracked concrete in tension. Such improved tensile resistance mechanism at crack interfaces in SFRC members can be heavily influenced by methodologies of treatments of crack direction. While most existing studies have focused on developing the numerical analysis model with the rotating-angle theory, there are only few studies on finite element analysis models with the fixed-angle model approach. According to many existing experimental studies, the direction of principal stress rotated after the formation of initial fixed-cracks, but it was also observed that new cracks with completely different angles relative to the initial crack direction very rarely occurred. Therefore, this study introduced the direct tension force transfer model (DTFTM), in which tensile resistance of the fibers at the crack interface can be easily estimated, to the nonlinear finite element analysis algorithm with the fixed-angle theory, and the proposed model was also verified by comparing the analysis results to the SFRC shear panel test results. The secant modulus method adopted in this study for iterative calculations in nonlinear finite element analysis showed highly stable and fast convergence capability when it was applied to the fixed-angle theory. The deviation angle between the principal stress direction and the fixed-crack direction significantly increased as the tensile stresses in the steel fibers at crack interfaces increased, which implies that the deviation angle is very important in the estimation of the shear behavior of SFRC members.

Key Words
fixed angle; nonlinear analysis; finite element; SFRC; shear; DTFTM; steel fiber; deviation angle; pullout failure

Address
Deuck Hang Lee, Jin-Ha Hwang, Hyunjin Ju and Kang Su KiM: Department of Architectural Engineering, University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea

Abstract
Chloride ion ingress is one of the major problems that affect the durability of concrete structures such as bridge decks, concrete pavements, and other structures exposed to harsh saline environments. Therefore, durability based design of concrete structures in severe condition has gained great significance in recent decades and various mathematical models for estimating the service life of rein-forced concrete have been proposed. In spite of comprehensive researches on the corrosion of rein-forced concrete, there are still various controversial concepts in quantitation of durability parameters such as chloride diffusion coefficient and surface chloride content. Effect of environment conditions on the durability of concrete structures is one of the most important issues. Hence, regional investigations are necessary for durability based design and evaluation of the models. Persian Gulf is one of the most aggressive regions of the world because of elevated temperature and humidity as well as high content of chloride ions in seawater. The aim of this study is evaluation of some parameters of durability of RC structures in marine environment from viewpoint of corrosion initiation. For this purpose, some experiments were carried out on the real RC structures and in laboratory. The result showed that various uncertainties in parameters of durability were existed.

Key Words
chloride Ion; concrete durability;corrosion initiation; marine conditions; durability modeling

Address
Faramarz Moodi, Aliakbar Ramezanianpour and Ehsan Jahangiri: Concrete technology and durability research center, Amirkabir University of technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Accumulated annual reservoir sedimentation in Taiwan was 14.6 million m3 in 2010, seriously endangering reservoir safety and the water supply. In addition, the sintering temperature of reservoir-sediment aggregates (RSAs) is very high, and very energy consuming consequently. Therefore, to explore the effects of admixtures on sintering behavior and performance of the aggregates, two different admixtures are blended, waste-glass and municipal sewage sludge, into reservoir sediment to make artificial aggregates. Experimental results show that the lightweight characteristics of waste-glass/reservoir-sediment aggregates (WGRSAs) are more significant than those of sewage sludge/reservoir-sediment aggregates (SSRSAs). Moreover, as sintering temperature increases, the specific gravity of WGRSAs drops more apparently. The optimum sintering temperature of pure reservoir-sediment aggregates (PRSAs), SSRSAs, and WGRSAs was 1150OC, 1100OC, and 1050OC, respectively. The PRSAs are normal weight with better strength; the WGRSAs are lightweight and energy-saving; and the SSRSAs are lightweight with normal strength.

Key Words
reservoir sediment; admixture; artificial aggregate; lightweight, sinter

Address
Ing-Jia Chiou and Chia-Ling Lin: Graduate School of Materials Applied Technology, Department of Environmental Technology and Management, Taoyuan Innovation Institute of Technology, No. 414, Sec. 3, Jhongshan E. Rd., Jhongli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, ROC
Chin-Ho Chen: Department of Social and Regional Development, National Taipei University of Education, No. 134, Sec. 2, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City 106, Taiwan, ROC

Abstract
Silica fume is a by-product of induction arc furnaces and has long been used as a mineral admixture to produce high-strength, high-performance concrete. Due to the pozzolanic reaction between calcium hydroxide and silica fume, compared with that of Portland cement, the hydration of concrete containing silica fume is much more complex. In this paper, by considering the production of calcium hydroxide in cement hydration and its consumption in the pozzolanic reaction, a numerical model is proposed to simulate the hydration of concrete containing silica fume. The heat evolution rate of silica fume concrete is determined from the contribution of cement hydration and the pozzolanic reaction. Furthermore, the temperature distribution and temperature history in hardening blended concrete are evaluated based on the degree of hydration of the cement and the mineral admixtures. The proposed model is verified through experimental data on concrete with different water-to-cement ratios and mineral admixture substitution ratios.

Key Words
cement; silica fume; hydration; temperature history; model

Address
Wang Xiao-Yong: Department of Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea

Abstract
This study presents a rapid method for determining the steady state migration coefficient of concrete by measuring the electric current. This study determines the steady state chloride migration coefficient using the accelerated chloride migration test (ACMT). There are two stages to obtain the chloride migration coefficient. The first stage, the steady-state condition was obtainedfrom the initial electric current at the beginning of ACMT. The second stage, the average electrical current in the steady state condition was used to determine the steadystate chloride migration coefficient. The chloride migration coefficient can be determined from the average steady state current to avoid sampling and analyzing chlorides during the ACMT.

Key Words
chloride migration coefficient; charge passed; electric current

Address
K.T. Lina and C.C. Yang: Institute of Materials Engineering, National Taiwan Ocean University 2 Pei-Ning Road, Keelung 20224, Taiwan

Abstract
Strut-and-tie model (STM) has been recommended by many codes and standards as a rational model for discontinuity regions in structural members. STM has been adopted in ACI building code for analysis of reinforced concrete (RC) deep beams since 2002. However, STM recommended by ACI 318-11 is only applicable for analysis of ordinary RC deep beams. This paper aims to develop the STM for CFRP strengthened RC deep beams through the strut effectiveness factor recommended by ACI 318-11. Two sets of RC deep beams were cast and tested in this research. Each set consisted of six simply-supported specimens loaded in four-point bending. The first set had no CFRP strengthening while the second was strengthened by means of CFRP sheets using two-side wet lay-up system. Each set consisted of six RC deep beams with shear span to effective depth ratio of 0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50, 1.75, and 2.00.The value of strut effectiveness factor recommended by ACI 318-11 is modified using a proposed empirical relationship in this research. The empirical relationship is established based on shear span to effective depth ratio.

Key Words
strut effectiveness factor; shear failure; D-region; CFRP-strengthening; deep beam

Address
Mohammad Panjehpour, Abang Abdullah Abang Ali and Farah Nora Aznieta: Housing Research Centre, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Yen Lei Voo: Director, DURA Technology Sdn Bhd, Ipoh, Malaysia

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