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CONTENTS
Volume 9, Number 1, July 2015
 

Abstract
Piezovibrocones have been developed to evaluate the liquefaction potential of onshore soils, but have not yet been utilized to evaluate the in-situ liquefaction behavior of offshore marine and volcanoclastic sediments. Two static and vibratory CPTu (Cone Penetration Tests) were performed at Tauranga Harbor, New Zealand. The lithology is known from nearby drillholes and the influence of vibration on different types of marine soils is evaluated using the reduction ratio (RR) calculated from static and vibratory CPTu. A sediment layer with high potential for liquefaction and one with a slight reaction to cyclic loading are identified. In addition to the reduction ratio, the liquefaction potential of sediment is analyzed using classic correlations for static CPTu data, but no liquefaction potential was determined. This points to an underestimation of liquefaction potential with the classic static CPTu correlations in marine soil. Results show that piezovibrocone tests are a sensitive tool for liquefaction analysis in offshore marine and volcanoclastic soil.

Key Words
Piezovibrocone; marine soils; in-situ and liquefaction

Address
(1) M. Ehsan Jorat:
School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom;
(2) M. Ehsan Jorat, Tobias Mörz, Stefan Kreiter:
MARUM . Center for Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany;
(3) Vicki Moon, Willem de Lange:
Department of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.

Abstract
The porosity is often regarded as a linear function of fluid pressure in porous media and permeability is approximately looked as constants. However, for some scenarios such as unconsolidated sand beds, abnormal high pressured oil formation or large deformation of porous media for pore pressure dropped greatly, the change in porosity is not a linear function of fluid pressure in porous media, and permeability can't keep a constant yet. This paper mainly deals with the relationship between the damage variable and permeability properties of a deforming media, which can be considered as an exploratory attempt in this field.

Key Words
damage; porous media; modified Darcy's law; permeability; relation

Address
State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, College of Water Resource and Hydropower, Sichuan University, No. 24 South Section 1, Yihuan Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China.

Abstract
To predict the surface subsidence of salt rock storage, a new surface subsidence basin model is proposed based on the Logistic function from the phenomenological perspective. Analysis shows that the subsidence curve on the main section of the model is S-shaped, similar to that of the actual surface subsidence basin; the control parameter of the subsidence curve shape can be changed to allow for flexible adjustment of the curve shape. By using this model in combination with the MMF time function that reflects the single point subsidence-time relationship of the surface, a new dynamic prediction model of full section surface subsidence for salt rock storage is established, and the numerical simulation calculation results are used to verify the availability of the new model. The prediction results agree well with the numerical simulation results, and the model reflects the continued development of surface subsidence basin over time, which is expected to provide some insight into the prediction and visualization research on surface subsidence of salt rock storage.

Key Words
salt rock storage; creep; surface subsidence; logistic function; prediction model

Address
(1) Jun-Bao Wang, Xin-Rong Liu, Xi-Cheng Zhang:
School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an, China;
(2) Xin-Rong Liu, Yao-Xian Huang:
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China.

Abstract
Usually the analyses of structures are carried out by assuming the base of structures to be fixed. However, the soil beneath foundation alters the earthquake loading and varies the response of structure. Hence, it is not realistic to analyze structures by considering it to be fixed. The importance of soil-structure interaction was realized from the past failures of massive structures by neglecting the effect of soil in seismic analysis. The analysis of massive structures requires soil flexibility to be considered to avoid failure and ensure safety. Present study, considers the seismic behavior of multi-storey reinforced concrete narrow and wide buildings of various heights with and without shear wall supported on raft foundation incorporating the effect of soil flexibility. Analysis of the three dimensional models of six different shear wall positions founded on four different soils has been carried out using finite element software LS DYNA. The study investigates the differences in spectral acceleration coefficient (Sa/g), base shear and storey shear obtained following the seismic provisions of Indian standard code IS: 1893 (2002) (IS) and International building code IBC: 2012 (IBC). The base shear values obtained as per IBC provisions are higher than IS values.

Key Words
base shear; design response spectrum; natural period; spectral acceleration coefficient; storey shear; shear wall; soil-structure interaction

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575-025, India.

Abstract
Water inrush and mud outburst always restricts the tunnel constructions in mountain area, which becomes a major geological barrier against the development of underground engineering. In view of the complex disaster-causing mechanism and difficult quantitative predictions of water inrush and mud outburst, several theoretical methods are adopted to realize dynamic assessment of water inrush in the progressive process of tunnel construction. Concerning both the geological condition and construction situation, eleven risk factors are quantitatively described and an assessment system is developed to evaluate the water inrush risk. In the static assessment, the weights of eight risk factors about the geological condition are determined using Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Each factor is scored by experts and the synthesis scores are weighted. The risk level is ultimately determined based on the scoring outcome which is derived from the sum of products of weights and comprehensive scores. In the secondary assessment, the eight risk factors in static assessment and three factors about construction situation are quantitatively analyzed using fuzzy evaluation method. Subordinate levels and weight of factors are prepared and then used to calculate the comprehensive subordinate degree and risk level. In the dynamic assessment, the classical field of the eleven risk factors is normalized by using the extension evaluation method. From the input of the matter-element, weights of risk factors are determined and correlation analysis is carried out to determine the risk level. This system has been applied to the dynamic assessment of water inrush during construction of the Yuanliangshan tunnel of Yuhuai Railway. The assessment results are consistent with the actual excavation, which verifies the rationality and feasibility of the software. The developed system is believed capable to be back-up and applied for risk assessment of water inrush in the underground engineering construction.

Key Words
tunnelling; water inrush; dynamic assessment; software development; engineering application

Address
(1) L.P. Li, T. Lei, S.C. Li, Z.H. Xu, Y.G. Xue, S.S. Shi:
Geotechnical & Structural Engineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250061, China;
(2) L.P. Li:
Key Laboratory of Harbor, Waterway and Sedimentation Engineering of Ministry of Communications, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210098, China.

Abstract
Water and energy supplies are the key factors affecting the economic development and environmental improvement of Turkey. Given their important role and the fact that a large part of Turkey is in seismically active zones dams should be accurately analyzed since failure could have a serious impact on the local population environment and on a wider level could affect the economy. In this paper, a procedure is proposed for the static, slope stability, seepage and dynamic analysis of an earth dam and the Pamukcay embankment dam. The acceleration time history and maximum horizontal peak ground accelerations of the Bingöl (2003) earthquake data was used based on Maximum Design Earthquake (MDE) data. Numerical analysis showed that, the Pamukcay dam is likely to experience moderate deformations during the design earthquake but will remain stable after the earthquake is applied. The result also indicated that, non-linear analysis capable of capturing dominant non-linear mechanism can be used to assess the stability of embankment dams.

Key Words
earthfill dam; dynamic analysis; slope stability; seepage analysis

Address
(1) Niyazi U. Terzi:
Aksaray University, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnics Division, Aksaray, Turkey;
(2) Murat E. Selcuk:
Yildiz Technical University, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Geotechnics Division, Istanbul, Turkey.

Abstract
Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity is a very important soil parameter in numerous practical engineering applications, especially rainfall infiltration and slope stability problems. This parameter is difficult to measure since it is very highly sensitive to various soil conditions. There have been many analytical and empirical formulas to predict saturated soil hydraulic conductivity based on experimental data. However, there have been few studies to investigate in-situ hydraulic conductivity of weathered granite soils, which constitute the majority of soil slopes in Korea. This paper introduces an estimation method to derive saturated hydraulic conductivity of Korean weathered granite soils using in-situ experimental data which were obtained from a variety of slope areas of South Korea. A robust regression analysis was performed using different physical soil properties and an empirical solution with an R2 value of 0.9193 was suggested. Besides that this research validated the proposed model by conducting in-situ saturated soil hydraulic conductivity tests in two slope areas.

Key Words
in-situ hydraulic conductivity; Guelph permeameter; regression analysis

Address
(1) Seok Yoon, Seung-Rae Lee, Gyu-Hyun Go:
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Korean Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea;
(2) Yun-Tae Kim::
Department of Ocean Engineering, Pukyung National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Pusan 608-737, Republic of Korea.

Abstract
Determination of mobilized shear strength parameters (that identify stresses on the failure plane) is required for analyzing the stability by limit equilibrium method. Generalized Hoek-Brown (GHB) and Mohr-Coulomb (MC) failure criteria are usually used for obtaining stresses on the plane of failure. In the present paper, the applicability of these criteria for determining the stresses on failure plane is investigated. The comparison is based on stresses on the real failure plane which are obtained from the Mohr stress circle. To do so, 18 sets of data (consist of principal stresses and angle of failure plane) presented in the literature are used. In addition, the values account for (VAF) and the root mean square error (RMSE) indices were calculated to check the determination performance of the obtained results. Values of VAF and RMSE for the normal stresses on the failure plane evaluated from MC are 49% and 31.5 where for GHB are 55% and 30.5, respectively. Also, for the shear stresses on failure plane, they are 74% and 36 for MC, 76% and 34.5 for GHB. Results show that the obtained stresses and angles of failure plane for each criterion differ from real ones, but GHB results are closer to the empirical results. Also, it is inferred that results are affected by the failure envelope not real failure plane. Therefore, obtained shear strength parameters are not mobilized. Finally, a multivariable regressed relation is presented for determining the stresses on the failure plane.

Key Words
stresses on failure plane; Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion; Hoek-Brown failure criterion; Mohr stress circle

Address
Department of Mining Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran.

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