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Structural Engineering and Mechanics Volume 81, Number 1, January10 2022 , pages 93-102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/sem.2022.81.1.093 |
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Optimum design of retaining structures under seismic loading using adaptive sperm swarm optimization |
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Mohammad Khajehzadeh, Amir Kalhor, Mehran Soltani Tehrani and Mohammadreza Jebeli
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| Abstract | ||
| The optimum design of reinforced concrete cantilever retaining walls subjected to seismic loads is an extremely important challenge in structural and geotechnical engineering, especially in seismic zones. This study proposes an adaptive sperm swarm optimization algorithm (ASSO) for economic design of retaining structure under static and seismic loading. The proposed ASSO algorithm utilizes a time-varying velocity damping factor to provide a fine balance between the explorative and exploitative behavior of the original method. In addition, the new method considers a reasonable velocity limitation to avoid the divergence of the sperm movement. The proposed algorithm is benchmarked with a set of test functions and the results are compared with the standard sperm swarm optimization (SSO) and some other robust metaheuristic from the literature. For seismic optimization of retaining structures, Mononobe-Okabe method is employed for dynamic loading conditions and total construction cost of the structure is considered as the single objective function. The optimization constraints include both geotechnical and structural restrictions and the design variables are the geometrical dimensions of the wall and the amount of steel reinforcement. Finally, optimization of two benchmark retaining structures under static and seismic loads using the ASSO algorithm is presented. According to the numerical results, the ASSO may provide better optimal solutions, and the designs obtained by ASSO have a lower cost by up to 20% compared with some other methods from the literature. | ||
| Key Words | ||
| minimum cost; retaining wall; seismic load; sperm swarm; static load | ||
| Address | ||
| Mohammad Khajehzadeh: Department of Civil Engineering, Anar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Anar, Iran Amir Kalhor: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Shal Branch, Shal, Iran Mehran Soltani Tehrani: Department of Civil Engineering, Najafabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad, Iran Mohammadreza Jebeli: Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran | ||