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Steel and Composite Structures Volume 32, Number 3, August10 2019 , pages 325-336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2019.32.3.325 |
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Improved bracing systems to prevent exterior girder rotation during bridge construction |
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Md Ashiquzzaman, Ahmed Ibrahim, Will Lindquist and Riyadh Hindi
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| Abstract | ||
| Concrete placement and temporary formwork of bridge deck overhangs result in unbalanced eccentric loads that cause exterior girders to rotate during construction. These construction loads affect the global and local stability of the girders and produce permanent girder rotation after construction. In addition to construction loads, the skew angle of the bridge also contributes to girder rotation. To prevent rotation (in both skewed and non-skewed bridges), a number of techniques have been suggested to temporarily brace the girders using transverse tie bars connecting the top flanges and embedded in the deck, temporary horizontal and diagonal steel pipes placed between the webs of the exterior and first interior girders, and permanent cross frames. This study includes a rigorous three-dimensional finite element analysis to evaluate the effectiveness of several bracing systems for non-skewed and several skewed bridges. In this paper, skew angles of 0°, 20°, 30°, and 45° were considered for single- and three-span bridges. The results showed that permanent cross frames worked well for all bridges, whereas temporary measures have limited application depending on the skew angle of the bridge. | ||
| Key Words | ||
| bracing systems; deck overhang deck; exterior girder rotation; skewed bridge; non-skewed bridge; construction loads; steel girders; finite element analysis | ||
| Address | ||
| (1) Md Ashiquzzaman: DOTec Corp., St. Charles, MO, 63301, USA; (2) Ahmed Ibrahim: University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, 83844, USA; (3) Will Lindquist: William Jewell College, Liberty, MO 64068, USA; (4) Riyadh Hindi: Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO 63103, USA. | ||