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Membrane Water Treatment Volume 7, Number 4, July 2016 , pages 327-339 DOI: https://doi.org/10.12989/mwt.2016.7.4.327 |
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Fouling evaluation on nanofiltration for concentrating phenolic and flavonoid compounds in propolis extract |
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C.P. Leo, K.L. Yeo, Y. Lease and C.J.C. Derek
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| Abstract | ||
| Nanofiltration is useful to concentrate propolis extract. During the selection of membrane, both compound rejection and permeate flux are important indicators of process economy. Brazilian green propolis extract was studied to evaluate the separation performance of Startmen 122 and NF270 membranes. Compared to Starmen 122, NF270 membrane showed better rejection of bioactive compounds. The flux decline patterns were further studied using Hermia's model. Cake formation is the major fouling mechanism on the hydrophobic surface of Starmen 122. While the fouling mechanism for NF270 is pore blocking. The fouled membranes were further characterized using SEM and FT-IR to confirm on the predicted fouling mechanisms. | ||
| Key Words | ||
| nanofiltration; fouling; propolis; polyphenols; flavonoids | ||
| Address | ||
| School of Chemical Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia. | ||