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Abstract
The reinforcement technology for rib-to-deck weld cracks in orthotropic steel deck should be both efficient and lightweight, particularly for multi-crack reinforcement within a single compartment, to avoid adding excessive weight that could affect the structural stress. In this paper, a lightweight reinforcement technology using ribbed angle steel was proposed. By conducting tests and numerical simulations, the reinforcement effect of ribbed angle steel for rib-to-deck weld cracks was analyzed, with a focus on the influence of stiffener thickness, spacing, and arrangement on the reinforcement effect. Reasonable parameters were then suggested. The effectiveness of the proposed technology and parameters was demonstrated through a real bridge simulation. The results show that ribbed angle steel, compared to angle steel, offers effective reinforcement while being lighter in weight. The failure behaviour of ribbed angle steel is consistent with that of plain angle steel, and the quality of adhesive layer construction should be strictly controlled during actual implementation. Increasing the thickness of the stiffeners can enhance the reinforcement effect, while increasing the spacing between stiffeners can reduce the reinforcement effect. When using ribbed angle steel with 4 mm thick angle steel, 6 mm thick stiffeners, and 20 mm stiffener spacing to reinforce cracks, the reinforcement effect is superior to that of 10 mm plain angle steel.

Key Words
crack reinforcement technology; orthotropic steel deck; parameter analysis; rib-to-deck weld crack; ribbed angle steel

Address
Yuqiang Gao, Zhongqiu Fu, Xuekun Cao and Bohai Ji:College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, No. 1 Xikang Road, Nanjing, China

Abstract
Enriched meshfree methods have been effectively used to predict the stress intensity factors (SIFs) and crack trajectories for homogeneous structures, but their applications to heterogenous materials were rarely reported. In this context, an enriched Petrov-Galerkin natural element method (PG-NEM) is introduced to simulate and examine the crack growth in 2-D heterogeneous functionally graded (FG) porous plates. The global displacement is approximated using Laplace interpolation (L/I) functions and enriched by introducing the crack-tip singular displacement and stress fields. The mixed-mode SIFs of FG plates characterized by the spatially varying elastic modulus are computed by the modified interaction integral method, and the crack trajectories are predicted by the maximum principal stress (MPS) criterion and the equivalent mode-I SIF. The advantage of proposed method is verified by comparing with the unriched PG-NEM and ANSYS. It is found that the prediction accuracy in crack trajectory is remarkably improved such that the crack trajectory of present method coincides well with one of ANSYS. Moreover, the present enriched method successfully simulates the crack trajectories of FG plates with the porosity as well as the spatially varying elastic modulus, and it is found that the crack growth characteristics are remarkably influenced by these parameters.

Key Words
2-D enriched PG-NEM; crack growth length; crack propagation trajectory; crack propagation; exponentially varying elastic modulus; functionally graded porous plates; porosity distribution

Address
J.R. Cho: Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 30016, Korea

Abstract
The proposed model introduces a novel approach to predicting stiffness and Poisson's ratio degradation in metal ceramic sandwich plates, specifically under hygro-thermo-mechanical loadings. Unlike previous models such as the Equivalent Constraint Model (ECM), this model incorporates an inter-laminar adhesive layer to transmit normal and shear stresses between the ceramic and metallic layers, significantly enhancing its accuracy in environmental stress simulation. By extending the shear lag model to include temperature and humidity effects, this model provides a more precise prediction of mechanical response under extreme operational conditions. Validation against experimental data further establishes the model's reliability, showing a substantial improvement in predictive capability. The Analysis reveals that both stiffness and Poisson's ratio degrade progressively with increasing crack density, temperature, and concentration, with the extent of degradation varying across metal content. Validated against experimental data, this model advances scientific understanding of metal-ceramic composite performance and provides a practical, accurate tool for designing resilient composites in demanding sectors such as aerospace and automotive, where environmental resilience is critical.

Key Words
hygro-thermo-mechanical; metal ceramic; poisson's ratio; shear-lag; stiffness; transverse cracking

Address
Mohamed Khodjet-Kesba:Aeronautical Sciences Laboratory, Institute of Aeronautics, and Space Studies, University of Blida 1, BP 270 Blida 09000, Algeria Zineb Mouloudj:Aeronautical Sciences Laboratory, Institute of Aeronautics, and Space Studies, University of Blida 1, BP 270 Blida 09000, Algeria Billel Boukert:Aeronautical Sciences Laboratory, Institute of Aeronautics, and Space Studies, University of Blida 1, BP 270 Blida 09000, Algeria

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