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CONTENTS
Volume 65, Number 5, March10 2018
 


Abstract
Recently, a new foundation model called \"Dynamic foundation model\" was proposed for the dynamic analysis of structures on the foundation. This model includes a linear elastic spring, shear layer, viscous damping and the special effects of mass density parameter of foundation during vibration. However, the relationship of foundation property parameters with the experimental parameter of the influence of foundation mass also has not been established in previous research. Hence, the purpose of the paper presents a simple experimental model in order to establish relationships between foundation properties such as stiffness, depth of foundation and experimental parameter of the influence of foundation mass. The simple experimental model is described by a steel plate connected with solid rubber layer as a single degree of freedom system including an elastic spring connected with lumped mass. Based on natural circular frequencies of the experimental models determined from FFT analysis plots of the time history of acceleration data, the experimental parameter of the influence of foundation mass is obtained and the above relationships are also discussed.

Key Words
one-parameter foundation; two-parameter foundation; dynamic foundation; foundation mass; experimental model of foundation mass

Address
Trung D. Pham: Department of Civil Engineering, Mientrung University of Civil Engineering, 24 Nguyen Du St., Tuy Hoa City, Vietnam
Hoa P. Hoang: Department of Construction of Bridge and Road, University of Science and Technology, The University of Danang, 54 Nguyen Luong Bang St., Danang City, Vietnam
Phuoc T. Nguyen: Department of Civil Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City Open University, 97 Vo Van Tan St., Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

Abstract
In this paper, the resonance response of spar-type floating platform in coupled heave and pitch motion is investigated using a CPU time-effective numerical method. A coupled nonlinear 2-DOF equation of motion is derived based on the potential wave theory and the rigid-body hydrodynamics. The transient responses are solved by the fourth-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) method and transformed to the frequency responses by the digital Fourier transform (DFT), and the first-order approximation of heave response is analytically derived. Through the numerical experiments, the theoretical derivation and the numerical formulation are verified from the comparison with the commercial software AQWA. And, the frequencies of resonance arising from the nonlinear coupling between heave and pitch motions are investigated and justified from the comparison with the analytically derived first-order approximation of heave response.

Key Words
spar-type floating platform; heave and pitch motions; coupled nonlinear equations; coupled resonance response; resonance frequencies; first-order approximation

Address
E.Y. Choi: KFX Airframe Analysis Team, Korea Aerospace Industries, Sacheon 52529, Republic of Korea
J.R. Cho: Department of Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong 339-701, Republic of Korea
W.B. Jeong: School of Mechanical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Republic of Korea

Abstract
In this study, the dynamic response of a functionally graded material (FGM) circular plate in contact with incompressible fluid under the harmonic load is investigated. Analysis of the plate is based on First-order Shear Deformation Plate Theory (FSDT). The governing equation of the oscillatory behavior of the fluid is obtained by solving Laplace equation and satisfying its boundary conditions. A new set of admissible functions, which satisfy both geometrical and natural boundary conditions, are developed for the free vibration analysis of moderately thick circular plate. The Chebyshev-Ritz Method is employed together with this set of admissible functions to determine the vibrational behaviors. The modal superposition approach is used to determine the dynamic response of the plate exposed to harmonic loading. Numerical results of the force vibrations and the effects of the different geometrical parameters on the dynamic response of the plate are investigated. Finally, the results of this research in the limit case are compared and validated with the results of other researches and finite element model (FEM).

Key Words
dynamic response; circular plate; chebyshev-ritz method; functionally graded material; first order shear deformation plate theory

Address
Sh. Yousefzadeh, A. Mohammadzadeh and M. Najafi: Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
A. A. Jafari: Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
The objective of this study is to understand the behaviour of hollow core slabs strengthened with FRP and hybrid techniques through numerical and analytical studies. Different strengthening techniques considered in this study are (i) External Bonding (EB) of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) laminates, (ii) Near Surface Mounting (NSM) of CFRP laminates, (iii) Bonded Overlay (BO) using concrete layer, and (iv) hybrid strengthening which is a combination of bonded overlay and NSM or EB. In the numerical studies, three-dimensional Finite Element (FE) models of hollow core slabs were developed considering material and geometrical nonlinearities, and a phased nonlinear analysis was carried out. The analytical calculations were carried out using Response-2000 program which is based on Modified Compression Field Theory (MCFT). Both the numerical and analytical models predicted the behaviour in agreement with experimental results. Parametric studies indicated that increase in the bonded overlay thickness increases the peak load capacity without reducing the displacement ductility. The increase in FRP strengthening ratio increased the capacity but reduced the displacement ductility. The hybrid strengthening technique was found to increase the capacity of the hollow core slabs by more than 100% without compromise in ductility when compared to their individual strengthening schemes.

Key Words
external bonding; finite element analysis; hollow core slabs; hybrid strengthening; near surface mounting; nonlinear analysis

Address
Pradeep Kankeri: Department of Civil Engineering, Vardhaman College of Engineering, Hyderabad, India
S. Suriya Prakash: Department of Civil Engineering, Indian lnstitute of Technology Hyderabad, India
Sameer Kumar Sarma Pachalla: Department of Civil Engineering, Mahindra Ecole Centrale, Hyderabad, India

Abstract
Based on the shaking table tests of a 1:3.52 scale one-bay and one-story ancient wooden structure, a simplified structural mechanics model was established, and the structural state equation and observation equation were deduced. Under the action of seismic waves, the damage rule of initial stiffness and yield stiffness of the joint was obtained. The force hammer percussion test and finite element calculations were carried out, and the structural response was obtained. Considering the 5% noise disturbance in the laboratory environment, the stiffness parameters of the mortise-tenon joint were identified by the partial least squares of singular value decomposition (PLS-SVD) and the Extended Kalman filter (EKF) method. The results show that dynamic and static cohesion method, PLS-SVD, and EKF method can be used to identify the damage degree of structures, and the stiffness of the mortise-tenon joints under strong earthquakes is reduced step by step. Using the proposed model, the identified error of the initial stiffness is about 0.58%-1.28%, and the error of the yield stiffness is about 0.44%-1.21%. This method has high accuracy and good applicability for identifying the initial stiffness and yield stiffness of the joints. The identification method and research results can provide a reference for monitoring and evaluating actual engineering structures.

Key Words
ancient wooden building; mortise-tenon joint; static and dynamic cohesion; stiffness damage; damage identification; shaking table test

Address
Jianyang Xue, Fuyu Bai, Liangjie Qi, Yan Sui and Chaofeng Zhou: Department of Civil Engineering, Xi

Abstract
The academic research works about liquid storage tanks are reviewed for the purpose of providing valuable reference to the engineering practice on their aseismic design. A summary of the performance of tanks during past earthquakes is described in this paper. Next, the seismic response of tanks under unidirectional earthquake is reported, supplemented with the dynamic response under multidirectional motions. Then, researches on the influence of soil-structure interaction are brought out to help modify the seismic design approach of tanks in different areas with variable properties of soils. Afterwards, base isolation systems are reported to demonstrate their effectiveness for the earthquake-resistant design of liquid storage tanks. Further, researches about the liquid-structure interaction are reviewed with description of simplified models and numerical analytical methods, some of which consider the elastic effect of tank walls. Moreover, the liquid sloshing phenomenon on the hydrodynamic behaviors of tanks is presented by various algorithms including grid-based and meshfree method. And then the impact of baffles in changing the dynamic characteristics of the liquid-structure system is raised, which shows the energy dissipation by the vortex motion of liquid. In addition, uplifting effect is given to enhance the understanding on the capacity of unanchored tanks and some assessment of their development. At last, the concluding remarks and the aspects of extended research in the field of liquid storage tanks under seismic loads are provided, emphasizing the thermal stress analysis, the replaceable system for base isolation, the liquid-solid interaction and dynamic responses with stochastic excitations.

Key Words
liquid storage tank; seismic response; soil-structure interaction; fluid-structure interaction; liquid sloshing

Address
Ming Zhao and Junwen Zhou: Department of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, No.1239, Siping Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, China

Abstract
This article presents strain gradient elasticity-based procedures for static bending, free vibration and buckling analyses of functionally graded rectangular micro-plates. The developed method allows consideration of smooth spatial variations of length scale parameters of strain gradient elasticity. Governing partial differential equations and boundary conditions are derived by following the variational approach and applying Hamilton\'s principle. Displacement field is expressed in a unified way to produce numerical results in accordance with Kirchhoff, Mindlin, and third order shear deformation theories. All material properties, including the length scale parameters, are assumed to be functions of the plate thickness coordinate in the derivations. Developed equations are solved numerically by means of differential quadrature method. Proposed procedures are verified through comparisons made to the results available in the literature for certain limiting cases. Further numerical results are provided to illustrate the effects of material and geometric parameters on bending, free vibrations, and buckling. The results generated by Kirchhoff and third order shear deformation theories are in very good agreement, whereas Mindlin plate theory slightly overestimates static deflection and underestimates natural frequency. A rise in the length scale parameter ratio, which identifies the degree of spatial variations, leads to a drop in dimensionless maximum deflection, and increases in dimensionless vibration frequency and buckling load. Size effect is shown to play a more significant role as the plate thickness becomes smaller compared to the length scale parameter. Numerical results indicate that consideration of length scale parameter variation is required for accurate modelling of graded rectangular micro-plates.

Key Words
functionally graded micro-plates; strain gradient elasticity; length scale parameters; bending; free vibrations; buckling

Address
Reza Aghazadeh:
1) Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
2) Department of Aeronautical Engineering, University of Turkish Aeronautical Association, Ankara 06790, Turkey
Serkan Dag and Ender Cigeroglu: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey

Abstract
Infill panel is the first element of a building subjected to blast loading activating its out-of-plane behavior. If the infill panel does not have enough ductility against the loading, it breaks and gets damaged before load transfer and energy dissipation. As steel infill panel has appropriate ductility before fracture, it can be used as an alternative to typical infill panels under blast loading. Also, it plays a pivotal role in maintaining sensitive main parts against blast loading. Concerning enough ductility of the infill panel out-of-plane behavior, the impact force enters the horizontal diaphragm and is distributed among the lateral elements. This article investigates the behavior of steel infill panels with different thicknesses and stiffeners. In order to precisely study steel infill panels, different ranges of blast loading are used and maximum displacement of steel infill under such various blast loading is studied. In this research, finite element analyses including geometric and material nonlinearities are used for optimization of the steel plate thickness and stiffener arrangement to obtain more efficient design for its better out-of-plane behavior. The results indicate that this type of infill with out-of-plane behavior shows a proper ductility especially in severe blast loadings. In the blasts with high intensity, maximum displacement of infill is more sensitive to change in the thickness of plate rather the change in number of stiffeners such that increasing the number of stiffeners and the plate thickness of infill panel would decrease energy dissipation by 20 and 77% respectively. The ductile behavior of steel infill panels shows that using infill panels with less thickness has more effect on energy dissipation. According to this study, the infill panel with 5 mm thickness works better if the criterion of steel infill panel design is the reduction of transmitted impulse to main structure. For example in steel infill panels with 5 stiffeners and blast loading with the reflected pressure of 375 kPa and duration of 50 milliseconds, the transmitted impulse has decreased from 41206 N.Sec in 20 mm infill to 37898 N.Sec in 5 mm infill panel.

Key Words
steel infill panel; ductility; maximum displacement; blast loading; nonlinear analysis

Address
Saeid Lotfi: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Kashan, Iran
Seyed Mehdi Zahrai: School of Civil Engineering, the University of Tehran, P.O. Box 11155-4563, Tehran, Iran

Abstract
Steel bolts are used in the construction industry for a large variety of applications that range from fixing permanent installations to temporary fixtures. In the past much research has been focused on developing destructive testing techniques to estimate their pull-out load carrying capacity with very little attention to develop non-destructive techniques. In this regards the presented research work details the combined use of ultrasonic pulse velocity and Schmidt hammer tests to identify anchor bolts with faculty installation and to estimate their pull-out strength by relating it to the Schmidt hammer rebound value. From experimentation, it was observed that the load capacity of bolt depends on its embedment length, diameter, bond quality/concrete strength and alignment. Ultrasonic pulse velocity test is used to judge the quality of bond of embedded anchor bolt by relating the increase in ultrasonic pulse transit time to the presence of internal pours and cracks in the vicinity of steel bolt and the surrounding concrete. This information combined with the Schmidt hammer rebound number, R, can be used to accurately identify defective bolts which resulted in lower pull-out strength. 12 mm diameter bolts with embedment length of 70 mm and 50 mm were investigated using constant strength concrete. Pull-out load capacity versus the Schmidt hammer rebound number for each embedment length is presented.

Key Words
steel bolt; embedment length; bond quality; non-destructive testing; load carrying capacity; impact loading; rebound number; ultrasonic pulse velocity test

Address
Muhammad Saleem: Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, College of Engineering, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, P.O. Box 1982, Dammam 31441, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia


Abstract
This paper addresses numerical modeling and nonlinear analysis of unreinforced masonry walls and vaults externally strengthened using fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). The aim of the research is to provide a simple method for design of strengthening interventions for masonry arched structures while considering the nonlinear behavior. Several brick masonry walls and vaults externally strengthened by FRP which have been previously tested experimentally are modeled using finite elements. Numerical modeling and nonlinear analysis are performed using commercial software. Description of the modeling, material characterization and solution parameters are given. The obtained numerical results demonstrate that externally applied FRP strengthening increased the ultimate capacity of the walls and vaults and improved their failure mode. The numerical results are in good agreement with the experimentally obtained ultimate failure load, maximum displacement and crack pattern; which demonstrates the capability of the proposed modeling scheme to simulate efficiently the actual behavior of FRP-strengthened masonry elements. Application is made on a historic masonry dome and the numerical analysis managed to explain its structural behavior before and after strengthening. The modeling approach may thus be regarded a practical and valid tool for design of strengthening interventions for contemporary or historic unreinforced masonry elements using externally bonded FRP.

Key Words
masonry structure; vault; retrofit/rehabilitation; composites; fiber reinforced; finite element method (FEM); non-linear analysis

Address
Gehan A. Hamdy, Osama A. Kamal, Mohamed O.R. El-Hariri and Tarik S. El-Salakawy: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering at Shoubra, Benha University, 108 Shoubra St., Shoubra 11241, Cairo, Egypt

Abstract
In this paper, an exact analytical solution is developed for the analysis of the post-buckling non-linear response of simply supported deformable symmetric composite beams. For this, a new theory of higher order shear deformation is used for the analysis of composite beams in post-buckling. Unlike any other shear deformation beam theories, the number of functions unknown in the present theory is only two as the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, while three unknowns are needed in the case of the other beam theories. The theory presents a parabolic distribution of transverse shear stresses, which satisfies the nullity conditions on both sides of the beam without a shear correction factor. The shear effect has a significant contribution to buckling and post-buckling behaviour. The results of this analysis show that classical and first-order theories underestimate the amplitude of the buckling whereas all the theories considered in this study give results very close to the static response of post-buckling. The numerical results obtained with the novel theory are not only much more accurate than those obtained using the Euler-Bernoulli theory but are almost comparable to those obtained using higher order theories, Accuracy and effectiveness of the current theory.

Key Words
novel beam theory; composite beams; post-buckling; analytical modeling

Address
Abdelhakim Kaci:
1) Universite Dr Tahar Moulay, Faculte de Technologie, Departement de Genie Civil et Hydraulique, BP 138 Cite En-Nasr 20000 Saida, Algerie
2) Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria
Mohammed Sid Ahmed Houari:
1) Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria
2) Universite Mustapha Stambouli de Mascara, Department of Civil Engineering, Mascara, Algeria
3) Laboratoire des Structures et Materiaux Avances dans le Genie Civil et Travaux Publics, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculte de Technologie, Departement de genie Civil, Algeria
Abdelmoumen Anis Bousahla:
1) Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria
2) Laboratoire de Modelisation et Simulation Multi-echelle, Universite de Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria
3) Centre Universitaire Ahmed Zabana de Relizane, Algerie
Abdelouahed Tounsi:
1) Material and Hydrology Laboratory, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, Algeria
2) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261 Dhahran, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia
S.R. Mahmoud: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Abstract
This paper presents the results of an assessment of the seismic fragility of a long, curved multi-frame bridge under multi-support earthquake excitations. To achieve this aim, the numerical model of columns retrofitted with elliptical steel jackets was developed and validated using existing experimental results. A detailed nonlinear numerical model of the bridge that can capture the inelastic response of various components was then created. Using nonlinear time-history analyses for a set of stochastically generated spatially variable ground motions, component demands were derived and then convolved with new capacity-based limit state models to obtain seismic fragility curves. The comparison of failure probabilities obtained from uniform and multi-support excitation analyses revealed that the consideration of spatial variability significantly reduced the median value of fragility curves for most components except for the abutments. This observation indicates that the assumption of uniform motions may considerably underestimate seismic demands. Moreover, the spatial correlation of ground motions resulted in reduced dispersion of demand models that consequently decreased the dispersion of fragility curves for all components. Therefore, the spatial variability of ground motions needs to be considered for reliable assessment of the seismic performance of long multi-frame bridge structures.

Key Words
long, curved multi-frame bridge; nonlinear numerical bridge model; spatially variable ground motions; multi-support excitation analysis; component fragility curves

Address
Jong-Su Jeon: Department of Civil Engineering, Andong National University, 1375 Gyeongdong-ro, Gyeongsangbuk-do 36729, Republic of Korea
Abdollah Shafieezadeh: Department of Civil, Environmental and Geodetic Engineering, The Ohio State University, 2070 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH 43210, USA
Reginald DesRoches: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA


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