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CONTENTS
Volume 60, Number 4, November25 2016
 


Abstract
In this work a new 3-unknown non-polynomial shear deformation theory for the buckling and vibration analyses of functionally graded material (FGM) sandwich plates is presented. The present theory accounts for non-linear in plane displacement and constant transverse displacement through the plate thickness, complies with plate surface boundary conditions, and in this manner a shear correction factor is not required. The main advantage of this theory is that, in addition to including the shear deformation effect, the displacement field is modelled with only 3 unknowns as the case of the classical plate theory (CPT) and which is even less than the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The plate properties are assumed to vary according to a power law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents. Equations of motion are derived from the Hamilton

Key Words
sandwich plate; functionally graded material; vibration; buckling; a non- polynomial 3-unknown theory

Address
Abdelouahed Tounsi: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; Laboratoire de Modélisation et Simulation Multi-échelle, Département de Physique, Faculté des Sciences Exactes, Département de Physique, Université de Sidi Bel Abbés, Algeria
Mohammed Sid Ahmed Houari and Aicha Bessaim: Material and Hydrology Laboratory, Faculty of Technology, Civil Engineering Department, University of Sidi Bel Abbes, Algeria; Department of Civil Engineering, Université Mustapha Stambouli de Mascara, Mascara, Algeria

Abstract
The main objective of the current research is estimating the flexural behavior of ferrocement Ribbed Plates reinforced with composite material. Experimental investigation was carried out on fifteen plates; their dimensions were kept constant at 1200 mm in length, 600 mm width and 100 mm thick but with different volume fraction of steel reinforcement and number of ribs. Test specimens were tested until failure under three line loadings with simply supported conditions over a span of 1100 mm. Cracking patterns, tensile and compressive strains, deformation characteristics, ductility ratio, and energy absorption properties were observed and measured at all stages of loadings. Experimental results were compared to analytical models using ANSYS 10 program. Parametric study is presented to look at the variables that can mainly affect the mechanical behaviors of the model such as the change of plate length. The results showed that the ultimate strength, ductility ratio and energy absorption properties of the proposed ribbed plates are affected by the volume fraction and the type of reinforcement, and also proved the effectiveness of expanded metal mesh and woven steel mesh in reinforcing the ribbed ferrocement plates. In addition, the developed ribbed ferrocement plates have high strength, ductility ratio and energy absorption properties and are lighter in weight compared to the conventional RC ribbed plates, which could be useful for developed and developing countries alike. The Finite Element (FE) simulations gave good results comparing with the experimental results.

Key Words
ferrocement; ribbed plates; composite material; experimental; FE modeling; Ansys 10; parametric study

Address
Yousry B.I. Shaheen: Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Menoufia University, Menoufia, Egypt
Ashraf M. Mahmoud: 2Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Modern University for Technology and Information (MTI), Al-Mokattam, Cairo, Egypt
Hala M. Refat: Civil Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Benha, Egypt

Abstract
By taking the Runyang Highway Bridge over the Yangtze River with 1490 m main span as example, structural response of the bridge under the horizontal and vertical seismic excitations is investigated by the response spectrum and time-history analysis of MIDAS/Civil software respectively, the seismic behavior and the influence of structural nonlinearity on the seismic response of the bridge are revealed. Considering the aspect of seismic performance, the suitability of employing the suspension bridge in super long-span bridges is investigated as compared to the cable-stayed bridge and cable-stayed-suspension hybrid bridge with the similar main span. Furthermore, the effects of structural parameters including the span arrangement, the cable sag to span ratio, the side to main span ratio, the girder height, the central buckle and the girder support system etc on the seismic performance of the bridge are investigated by the seismic response spectrum analysis, and the favorable earthquake-resistant structural system of suspension bridges is also discussed.

Key Words
suspension bridge; seismic performance; structural system; response spectrum analysis; time-history analysis; structural parameters

Address
College of Civil Engineering & Architecture, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, P.R. China

Abstract
In this paper, an analytical method for the Post-buckling response of cylindrical shells with spiral stiffeners surrounded by an elastic medium subjected to external pressure is presented. The proposed model is based on two parameters elastic foundation Winkler and Pasternak. The material properties of the shell and stiffeners are assumed to be continuously graded in the thickness direction. According to the Von Karman nonlinear equations and the classical plate theory of shells, strain-displacement relations are obtained. The smeared stiffeners technique and Galerkin method is used to solve the nonlinear problem. To valid the formulations, comparisons are made with the available solutions for nonlinear static buckling of stiffened homogeneous and un-stiffened FGM cylindrical shells. The obtained results show the elastic foundation Winkler on the response of buckling is more effective than the elastic foundation Pasternak. Also the ceramic shells buckling strength higher than the metal shells and minimum critical buckling load is occurred, when both of the stiffeners have angle of thirty degrees.

Key Words
FGM cylindrical shells; nonlinear analysis; spiral stiffener; post-buckling

Address
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran

Abstract
One of the major threats to the stability of classical columns and colonnades are earthquakes. The behavior of columns under high seismic excitation loads is non-linear and complex since rocking, wobbling and sliding failure modes can occur. Therefore, three dimensional simulation approaches are essential to investigate the in-plane and out-of-plane response of such structures during harmonic and seismic loading excitations. Using a software based on the Distinct Element Method (DEM) of analysis, a three dimensional numerical study has been performed to investigate the parameters affecting the seismic behaviour of colonnades

Key Words
stone; masonry; DEM; ancient colonnade; Pompeii; 3-dimensional; seismic behavior

Address
V. Sarhosis: School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
P.G. Asteris: Computational Mechanics Laboratory, School of Pedagogical and Technological Education, Athens, Greece
A. Mohebkhah: Structural Eng. Div., Faculty of Civil and Architectural Engineering, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran
J. Xiao and T. Wang: State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China

Abstract
This paper aims to develop models to accurately predict the behavior of fresh concrete exposed to vibration using artificial neural networks (ANNs) model and regression model (RM). For this purpose, behavior of a full scale precast concrete mold was investigated experimentally and numerically. Experiment was performed under vibration with the use of a computer-based data acquisition system. Transducers were used to measure time-dependent lateral displacements at some points on mold while both mold is empty and full of fresh concrete. Modeling of empty and full mold was made using both ANNs and RM. For the modeling of ANNs: Experimental data were divided randomly into two parts. One of them was used for training of the ANNs and the remaining part was used for testing the ANNs. For the modeling of RM: Sinusoidal regression model equation was determined and the predicted data was compared with measured data. Finally, both models were compared with each other. The comparisons of both models show that the measured and testing results are compatible. Regression analysis is a traditional method that can be used for modeling with simple methods. However, this study also showed that ANN modeling can be used as an alternative method for behavior of fresh concrete exposed to vibration in precast concrete structures.

Key Words
precast concrete mold; compaction of fresh concrete; vibration; modeling; artificial neural networks (ANNs); regression model

Address
Gultekin Aktas: Department of Civil Engineering, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey
Mehmet Sirac Ozerdem: Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dicle University, 21280 Diyarbakir, Turkey

Abstract
This study focuses on the damage detection of defect types in plate structures based on wavelet transform (WT) and curvelet transform (CT). In particular, for damage detection of structures these transforms have been developed since the last few years. In recent years, the CT approach has been also introduced in an attempt to overcome inherent limitations of traditional multi-scale representations such as wavelets. In this study, the performance of CT is compared with WT in order to demonstrate the capability of WT and CT in detection of defect types in plate structures. To achieve this purpose, the damage detection of defect types through defect shape in rectangular plate is investigated. By using the first mode shape of plate structure and the distribution of the coefficients of the transforms, the damage existence, the defect location and the approximate shape of defect are detected. Moreover, the accuracy and performance generality of the transforms are verified through using experimental modal data of a plate.

Key Words
damage detection; defect; rectangular plate; wavelet transform; curvelet transform

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran

Abstract
Functionally graded material (FGM) plates can be bonded to the soffit of a beam as a means of retrofitting the RC beam. In such plated beams, tensile forces develop in the bonded plate and these have to be transferred to the original beam via interfacial shear and normal stresses. In this paper, an interfacial stress analysis is presented for simply supported concrete beam bonded with a functionally graded material FGM plate. This new solution is intended for application to beams made of all kinds of materials bonded with a thin plate, while all existing solutions have been developed focusing on the strengthening of reinforced concrete beams, which allowed the omission of certain terms. It is shown that both the normal and shear stresses at the interface are influenced by the material and geometry parameters of the composite beam. This research is helpful for the understanding on mechanical behavior of the interface and design of the FGM-RC hybrid structures.

Key Words
RC beam; interfacial stresses; strengthening; functionally graded material plate

Address
Tahar Hassaine Daouadji, Abdebasset Chedad and Belkacem Adim: Département de Génie Civil, Université Ibn Khaldoun Tiaret, BP 78 Zaaroura, 14000 Tiaret, Algérie; Laboratoire de Géomatique et Développement Durable, Université Ibn Khaldoun de Tiaret, Algérie

Abstract
In this paper, thermal vibration of a nonlocal functionally graded (FG) plates with arbitrary boundary conditions under linear and non-linear temperature fields is explored by developing a refined shear deformation plate theory with an inverse cotangential function in which shear deformation effect was involved without the need for shear correction factors. The material properties of FG nanoplate are considered to be temperature-dependent and graded in the thickness direction according to the Mori-Tanaka model. On the basis of non-classical higher order plate model and Eringen

Key Words
thermal vibration; four-variable plate theory; functionally graded nanoplate; nonlocal elasticity theory; elastic foundation

Address
Aerospace Engineering Department & Center of Excellence in Computational Aerospace, AmirKabir University of Technology, Tehran 15875-4413, Iran

Abstract
This study aims to present a novel optimization algorithm known as gravitational search algorithm (GSA) for structural damage detection. An objective function for damage detection is established based on structural vibration data in frequency domain, i.e., natural frequencies and mode shapes. The feasibility and efficiency of the GSA are testified on three different structures, i.e., a beam, a truss and a plate. Results show that the proposed strategy is efficient for determining the locations and the extents of structural damages using the first several modal data of the structure. Multiple damages cases in different types of structures are studied and good identification results can be obtained. The effect of measurement noise on the identification results is investigated.

Key Words
damage identification; gravitational search algorithm; vibration data; frequency domain; modal assurance criteria

Address
J.K. Liu, Z.T. Wei, Z.R. Lu: Department of Applied Mechanics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510006, P.R. China
Y.J. Ou: Department of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China


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