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CONTENTS
Volume 53, Number 5, December 10 2024 (Special Issue)
 

Abstract
Special Issue on "Failure Investigation and Forensics of Steel, Concrete and Geo-Composite Structures" Submissions were invited from the US, Korea, Chile, Türkiye, Columbia and Iran for the special issue (Part I & Part II) of Steel and Composite Structures: An International Journal, focusing on both the traditional and forensic engineering of steel, concrete, and geo-composite structures. This issue aims to highlight the latest advancements in research techniques for understanding the performance and failure mechanisms of the steel, concrete, and geo-composite structures. Experimental, numerical, and analytical methods have been the cornerstone of research in this field, which need to be kept advanced. Further, there is a growing interest in innovative approaches such as forensic monitoring, non-destructive testing, and data-driven techniques. The special issue seeks to provide the state-of-the-art methods on traditional cornerstone research and emerging technologies, with an emphasis on forensic research. Finally, the special issue attempts to present a platform for sharing both computational and experimental solutions in structural and geotechnical engineering. We hope that the special issue (Part I & Part II) will promote the practice of forensic engineering in the field of steel, concrete, and geo-composite structures.

Key Words


Address
Thomas Kang: Seoul Nat'l Univ., Korea
Yong-Hoon Byun: Kyungpook Nat'l Univ., Kore

Abstract
A non-contact, targetless approach to determine the deflection of bridges using consumer grade video cameras is presented. A total of four bridges (two concrete bridges and two steel bridges) were selected for load testing, based on typical characteristics of load posted bridges in Texas. Each bridge was instrumented using strain gauges, string potentiometers, and accelerometers to measure the response of the bridge during various load tests. In addition to these conventional measuring devices, two cameras mounted on a tripod were used to record the bridge response during each load test. An image analysis algorithm was applied to determine the displacements from the unloaded bridge image and loaded bridge image. These tests demonstrated that computer vision has the potential to measure deflections during bridge load testing without the need for targets. This method provides an efficient alternative for field evaluation that eliminates the need to instrument the bridge, which can be a time-consuming process, especially when access is restricted.

Key Words
computer vision; concrete bridges; load rating; load testing; non-contact measurement; steel bridges; targetless

Address
Nuzhat H. Kabir:Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3136 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3136

Matthew Stieglitz:HNTB

Stefan Hurlebaus:Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3136 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3136

Tevfik Terzioglu:Parsons Transportation Group

Stephanie G. Paal:Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3136 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3136

Mary Beth D. Hueste:Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3136 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3136

John B. Mander:Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, 3136 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-3136

Abstract
The construction industry is undergoing significant technological changes with high-tech advances such as infrared thermography and non-destructive testing (NDT). Research is focusing on the use of thermography to measure thermal changes during plastic deformation to improve safety and streamline inspection processes. A recent study has confirmed that thermal data can detect plastic deformation. The theory is that thermal energy is generated during the deformation of a steel component when it is loaded. Building upon this theory, several studies are working on development of a thermal camera system to measure thermal changes during plastic deformation. The objective of this study was to estimate the degree of deformation of steel coupons based on thermal data. A tensile test was conducted using a thermography to measure thermal changes resulting from plastic deformation. Passive methods were used in the test and the results were compared with thermocouple data and thermal data. Additional parameters such as temperature, humidity, and illuminance, were collected to increase objectivity and reliability. The results of the study confirmed that thermal data can indeed confirm plastic deformation.

Key Words
infrared thermography technique; NDT; safety inspection; tensile test; thermal camera

Address
Arum Jang:School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University,145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

Soo-Min Baik:School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University,145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

Donghwi Jung:School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University,145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea

Yong-Hoon Byun:School of Agricultural Civil & Bio-Industrial Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea

Young K. Ju: School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University,145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea


Abstract
Fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composites have shown promising results as shear strengthening of reinforced concrete (RC) beams. However, due to the limited available experimental evidence, further research is needed to develop accurate and reliable design formulations. In this paper, the results of an experimental campaign previously carried out by the authors on RC beams strengthened in shear with FRCM composites are used to identify the shear strength contributions of the concrete, internal transverse reinforcement, i.e., stirrups, and external transverse reinforcement, i.e., FRCM jacket. Two approaches are used. In the first, the concrete contribution is calculated as the difference between the strengthened beam capacity and the internal and external reinforcement contributions, computed based on experimental strains. In the second, the concrete contribution is estimated from the control (unstrengthened) beam and then combined with the internal reinforcement contribution obtained from the experimental strains to estimate the FRCM contribution. Results show that the concrete and stirrup contributions to the shear strength of strengthened beams are lower than those of corresponding control beams. This conflicts with the assumptions of available design guidelines that compute the shear strength of FRCM-strengthened beams as the summation of the maximum contributions by concrete, internal reinforcement, and FRCM.

Key Words
design model; fiber-reinforced cementitious matrix (FRCM) composite; reinforced concrete; shear; stirrups; strengthening

Address
Jaime H. Gonzalez-Libreros:Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden

Lesley H. Sneed:Department of Civil, Materials and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Tommaso D'Antino:Department of Architecture, Built Environment, and Construction Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Italy

Gabriel Sas:Department of Civil, Environmental, and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology, Sweden

Carlo Pellegrino:Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padua, Italy


Abstract
This study proposed a method for predicting the behavior of sliding blast-resistant doors by considering the initial clearance of the doors to address the challenge of predicting performance of the doors. The behavior of steel-concrete composite blast doors was divided into two stages based on the initial clearance, and an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom analysis was performed using the central difference method. Comparison with experimental results confirmed that considering the initial clearance is effective for accurately predicting the behavior of sliding doors. Based on these findings, a simplified equation was proposed and validated to facilitate the prediction of the maximum displacement of sliding blast doors. Finally, an optimization case study was conducted using the simplified equation to design steel-concrete composite sliding blast-resistant doors.

Key Words
initial clearance; optimization; SDOF analysis; simplified equation; sliding blast-resistant door

Address
Hyeon-Sik Choi:Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Seoul National University,
1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea

Seong-Ryong Ahn:Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Seoul National University,
1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea

Young K. Ju:Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University,
Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea

Hun-Hee Cho: Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University,
Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea

Joon-Hak Lee:Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Korea Military Academy,
564 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01805, Republic of Korea

Sang-Ho Baek:Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Sciences, Korea Military Academy,
564 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01805, Republic of Korea

Thomas H.-K. Kang:Department of Architecture and Architectural Engineering, Seoul National University,
1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea

Abstract
The load estimation on deeply buried structures has been a long-standing engineering challenge, where applying the full dead load on the structure is often overly conservative and wasteful. This paper explores the performance of a deeply buried concrete culvert with expanded polystyrene (EPS) blocks placed on its top slab for load reduction. The research included field monitoring via strain gauges, load reduction calculations via a simplified method, and finite element (FE) modeling. Within the FE analysis, various constitutive models for the filling material were assessed, including the Mohr-Coulomb model, the Hardening Soil Model (HSM), as well as a simple elastic model. The results indicated that the soil constitutive model had a minor impact on soil-structure interaction, while the Young's modulus of the filling material significantly influenced the structural response of the culvert top slab. The FE models demonstrated that EPS blocks effectively reduced loads on the culvert, with a notable reduction in the maximum bending moment from 0.07 MNm to 0.04 MNm. The FE models exhibited similar trends to actual measurements in the relationship between cover height and resultant structural strain, although the FE model predictions were significantly lower than the actual measurements. In contrast, the simplified load reduction method was found to be reasonably accurate. The findings of this study offer valuable insights into the efficient and cost-effective design of deeply buried structures, emphasizing the need.

Key Words
culvert; deeply buried structure; expanded polystyrene blocks; geotechnical analysis; monitoring; soil arching

Address
Amichai Mitelman:Department of Civil Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel

Tzuri Eilat:Department of Civil Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel

Alon Urlainis:Department of Civil Engineering, Ariel University, Ariel 40700, Israel

Abstract
This study explores the carbonation of Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) steel slag for CO2 sequestration, focusing on the effects of steel slag particle size, pressure, temperature, and liquid content on calcium carbonate (CaCO3) formation. The carbonation process was analyzed over varying reaction times (1, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hours) as well. The results showed that the smaller slag particles, due to their higher specific surface area, enhanced the CaCO3 production rate. While the increased reaction time tended to increase carbonation, the initial rapid uptake of reaction during the early stage was followed by the gradual convergence, attributed to the depletion of reactive sites. Increasing the CO2 pressure from 0.5 to 10MPa led to the higher reaction efficiency. Carbonation rates were lower at 55°C compared to 25°C, especially at the early stages, likely due to reduced CO2 solubility in water at higher temperature. The liquid-solid ratio (L/S) did not significantly affect the final carbonation rate after 24 hours, suggesting water availability was not an influencing factor. Additionally, the study employed Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) to identify the mineralogy and precipitation patterns of CaCO3 formed at different conditions. This comprehensive analysis underscores the complex interplay of factors affecting BOF slag carbonation, providing insights that could optimize CO2 sequestration efficiency.

Key Words
BOF steel slag; carbonation; CO2 sequestration; reaction rate

Address
Jeehoon Ma:School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea

Daehyun Kim:1)School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
2)Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1 Chome-3-2 Kagamiyama,
Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima 739-0046, Japan

Seungjun Kim:School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, 145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu,
Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea

Yong-Hoon Byun:Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu, 41566, Republic of Korea

Tae Sup Yun:School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, 50, Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea

Abstract
This study investigates the experimental response of cylindrical specimens made of plain concrete and concrete reinforced with PVA fibers that were subjected to low-cycle fatigue tests under compression. Two types of PVA fiber were used in the experiments, with lengths of 12 and 15 mm, and three volume levels were considered: 0%, 1%, and 2%. The experimental program included tests where the fatigue load was applied during the pre-crushing stage of the sample (pre-peak), as well as after the onset of strength degradation (post-peak). In the pre-peak compression fatigue tests, which are more common in the literature, a maximum stress level of 95% of the specimen strength was applied. The post-peak compression fatigue tests, which are not available in the literature and could help understand the durability of concrete with fibers under cyclic response, were conducted at two levels of strength degradation, measured with respect to the monotonic compressive strength: 2% and 10%. In addition, three levels of maximum compressive stress for the cycles were used: 85%, 90%, and 95%. Based on the results obtained, fatigue models (Wöhler) and models of secondary strain rate versus fatigue life were developed. Furthermore, the envelope of maximum strains at low cycle fatigue failure was analyzed for both pre-peak and post-peak tests.

Key Words
compression; concrete; fatigue; polyvinyl-alcohol fiber; PVA; Wöhler

Address
Leonardo M. Massone:Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile

Jonathan Cortés:Department of Civil Engineering, University of Chile, Blanco Encalada 2002, Santiago, Chile

Abstract
The network theory studies interconnection between discrete objects to find about the behavior of a collection of objects. Also, nanomaterials are a collection of discrete atoms interconnected together to perform a specific task of mechanical or/and electrical type. Therefore, it is reasonable to use the network theory in the study of behavior of super-molecule in nanoscale. In the current study, we aim to examine vibrational behavior of spherical nanostructured composite with different geometrical and materials properties. In this regard, a specific shear deformation displacement theory, classical elasticity theory and analytical solution to find the natural frequency of the spherical nano-composite structure. The analytical results are validated by comparison to finite element (FE). Further, a detail comprehensive results of frequency variations are presented in terms of different parameters. It is revealed that the current methodology provides accurate results in comparison to FE results. On the other hand, different geometrical and weight fraction have influential role in determining frequency of the structure.

Key Words
complex networks; mathematical simulation; mechanical behavior; nanotechnology

Address
Jihun Song:School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Yunhak Noh:School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Hunhee Cho:School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Goangseup Zi:School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Seungjun Kim:School of Civil, Environmental, and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Abstract
Roller-Compacted Concrete (RCC) pavement has traditionally been recognized for its success in industrial paving because of its ability to bear heavy loads, reasonable cost, and low maintenance requirements. This study addresses two main objectives: firstly, to bridge a gap in existing literature by identifying critical container stacking configurations and examining the impact of joint load transfer on RCC pavement response; and secondly, to refine RCC pavement design for stacked-container applications through a comprehensive, multi-step approach. Handling the inadequacies of current design manuals in the literature, this research utilizes the ISLAB2005 FEA program, tailored for analyzing rigid pavement systems. After 84,000 simulations, the study recognizes the critical container stacking configuration, spanning single to multi-block arrangements. An additional 24,000 parametric analyses provided insights into diverse subgrade reactions, RCC strengths, and stacking heights, facilitating the development of a preliminary design thickness chart. Transfer functions based on three material permissible strength criteria (flexural, shearing, and bearing strength) were also developed. The findings indicate the significance of avoiding placing heavy loads near contraction joints, specifically construction (cold) joints. The culmination of this comprehensive approach is the development of a preliminary design chart that provides engineers with essential insights needed for making informed decisions regarding the thickness of RCC pavements in scenarios involving stacked containers.

Key Words
concentrated heavy loads; container terminal pavements; finite element analysis; heavy-duty pavements; mechanistic design; roller-compacted concrete

Address
Emin Sengun:1)Research Scholar, Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States (Research address)
2)Department of Civil Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Ankara, Türkiye (Permanent address)

Sunghwan Kim:Program for Sustainable Pavement Engineering and Research, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States

Halil Ceylan:Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, United States

Abstract
This study assessed the influence of three joint elements and four foundation models on the dynamic response of jacket offshore wind turbines, specifically focusing on natural frequency, structural displacement, and member stress. Moreover, parametric studies were performed to evaluate the sensitivity of different foundation models to changes in soil properties, pile diameter–thickness ratios and pile embedded depths. The results indicate that the rigid and center-to-center models significantly overestimate joint stiffness compared to the local joint flexibility model. Using the distributed nonlinear spring model as a reference, both the fixed foundation and equivalent coupled-spring models overestimate foundation stiffness, whereas the apparent fixity length model underestimates it. Additionally, the distributed nonlinear spring model shows notable sensitivity to the pile diameter–thickness ratio and pile embedded depth, while the apparent fixity length model exhibits larger sensitivity to soil properties and the pile diameter–thickness ratio. Overall, this study developed an advanced jacket model that incorporates both joint and foundation flexibility, significantly improving the accuracy for the dynamic response prediction of offshore structures under combined wind–wave–current loads. This model mitigates design risks associated with serviceability and ultimate limit states and offers valuable insights into the applicability of simplified foundation models across various foundation stiffness scenarios in engineering practice.

Key Words
dynamic response; foundation modeling; jacket structure; local joint flexibility; offshore wind turbine

Address
Chuan Ma:School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Hassan Saghi:Department of Civil Engineering, Hakim Sabzevari University, Sabzevar, Iran

Yun-Wook Choo:Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Kongju National University, Chungnam 31080, Korea

Young K. Ju:School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Chulsang Yoo:School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea

Goangseup Zi:School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea



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