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CONTENTS
Volume 44, Number 5, March10 2026
 

Abstract
Expansive soil slopes are particularly susceptible to erosion and instability during rainfall due to their unique engineering characteristics. This study aims to enhance the understanding of mitigating the adverse effects of rainfall on such slopes through the application of geobag reinforcement techniques. A series of controlled experiments, employing an orthogonal experimental design, systematically investigates the influence of slope gradient, initial water content, and reinforcement methods on slope erosion and stability. Range analysis and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are utilized to evaluate the sensitivity and significance of each factor on erosion volume and cumulative rainfall absorption. The findings reveal that reinforcement met hods significantly impact erosion reduction and slope stability, with surface-covered slopes and toe reinforcement demonstrating the most substantial decrease in erosion compared to unreinforced slopes. A positive correlation is observed between increased slope gradient and erosion volume, while higher initial water content exacerbates erosion due to diminished shear strength of the soil. Although the results mainly provide qualitative insights into the deformation and erosion behavior of expansive soil slopes under different experimental conditions, they still offer useful references for slope stabilization and management, highlighting the importance of reinforcement methods, slope gradient, and initial water content in slope design.

Key Words
ANOVA; expansive soil slopes; geobag reinforcement; orthogonal experiment; range analysis

Address
Jiujiang Wu: Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest
University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University, London N6A 5B9, Canada
Yang Zhang, Yangbing Liu, Linzi Yu: Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest
University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
Guoxing Zhao: Zhejiang Geotechnical Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310030, China
Mohammad Najafzadeh: Department of Water Engineering, Faculty of Civil and Surveying Engineering, Graduate University of Advanced Technology, Kerman, Iran

Abstract
Under train-induced disturbances, sedimentary rocks at the tunnel floor heave causes inverted arch cracking and track deformation. However, no consensus has yet been reached regarding the causes of floor heave. This paper presented a case study of GZ tunnel, in which the uplift deformation of the inverted arch was investigated through on-site inspection, deformation monitoring, and 3D numerical simulation. The deformation characteristics and underlying mechanisms were analyzed, and the original invert was subsequently reconstructed using a renovation scheme involving steel cushion beam hanging rails and transitional speed restrictions. The evolution of contact stress between the inverted arch and bedrock, as well as the deformation of the tunnel vault and inverted arch settlement, were systematically examined. The proposed remediation involved deepening the original invert structure by 1.56 m, which proved effective in mitigating and suppressing uplift deformation. The performance and applicability of the reconstructed invert were evaluated by analyzing the contact stress evolution, vault deformation, and settlement behavior based on field monitoring data and numerical modeling. The contact stress exhibited a gradual increase followed by convergence, with final values of 155.09 kPa, 167.57 kPa, and 221.69 kPa at the monitored sections. No abrupt stress changes were observed over 30 to 55 days, indicating a stable stress state. The average uplift displacement of the inverted arch surface was reduced by 73.17% compared with pre-reconstruction conditions, indicating that the reconstructed invert exhibited stable structural adaptability and effectively controlled both vault settlement and arch uplift.

Key Words
deformation behavior; inverted arch structure; mechanical mechanisms; sedimentary rock tunnel; site - monitoring

Address
Yun Cheng: School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, 1 Xiwang-ro, Tinghu-gu,
Yancheng, 224051, Republic of China
Jiangsu Coastal Transportation Infrastructure Intelligent and Disaster Prevention Engineering Research
Center, 1 Xiwang-ro, Tinghu-gu, Yancheng, 224051, Republic of China
College of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 13, Yanta-ro, Beilin-gu,
Xi'an, 710055, Republic of China
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, 13, Yanta-ro, Beilin-gu,
Xi'an, 710055, Republic of China
Zhanping Song: College of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, 13, Yanta-ro, Beilin-gu,
Xi'an, 710055, Republic of China
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, 13, Yanta-ro, Beilin-gu,
Xi'an, 710055, Republic of China
Guannan Zhou, Tengtian Yang, Yinhao Sun: Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering, 13, Yanta-ro, Beilin-gu,
Xi'an, 710055, Republic of China;
China Railway Construction Bridge Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., 32, Central west-ro,
Airport economic zone-gu, Tianjin, 300300, Republic of China
Zhaoyu Wang, Zhiwei Xu, Wenjun Qian: School of Civil Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, 1 Xiwang-ro, Tinghu-gu,
Yancheng, 224051, Republic of China
Jiangsu Coastal Transportation Infrastructure Intelligent and Disaster Prevention Engineering Research
Center, 1 Xiwang-ro, Tinghu-gu, Yancheng, 224051, Republic of China


Abstract
This study investigated the influence of key fault-related parameters such as thickness, inclination angle, water, and clay content on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS). Fault gouge/infill materials collected from four Indian open-pit coal mines were analyzed using XRD and SEM to determine their mineral composition and microstructural characteristics. Due to field constraints in sampling adequate fault samples, synthetic reconstituted samples were developed for further investigation of strength properties. XRD results showed dominant clay minerals, with kaolinite (27.7%) in Mine-A and illite (29%) in Mine-B. SEM-based fractal dimension analysis across different microscopic scales revealed significant microstructural variability. Mine-B exhibited the highest fractal dimension, indicating intense grain fragmentation, while Mine-C and Mine-D, dominated by muscovite (29.7%) and orthoclase (51%), showed lower values, suggesting coarser particles and less fragmentation. A total of 146 samples were tested to evaluate UCS under varying fault conditions. The results indicated UCS reductions of up to 46%, 63%, 60%, and 59% with increasing fault thickness, water content, clay content, and inclination angle, respectively. Statistical analyzing through multiple linear regression and sensitivity analysis confirmed that water and clay content are the most influential factors affecting UCS, emphasizing their critical role in geomechanical stability.

Key Words
fault gouge; fractal dimension; open-pit coal mines; unconfined compressive strength; XRD and SEM

Address
Mohammed Asif, Ram Manohar Bishwal: Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Odisha, India

Abstract
This work studies a three-dimensional dynamic modelling of soil-tool interaction by using empirical parameters with Abaqus Explicit and investigates the influence of rake angle and depth of the excavator bucket tooth on reaction force, soil failure and displacements. The Modified Mohr Coulomb (MMC) model is applied to characterize the behavior of the simulated silty clay under unidirectional loading during the soil-tool interface process, the tool is treated as a rigid body with a reference point. In the first section of this article, we worked at a constant depth of 100 mm and velocity of 100 mm.s−1 to evaluated the influence of rake angle ranging from 30◦ to 90◦ with a 15◦ step on reaction forces during and after soil cutting. The second section discusses the impact of excavation depth when the rake angle of the tooth being analyse is fixed at 45◦. It was found that the reaction forces increase when the depth increases. However, this increase reaches a peak, and then abruptly decreases over a certain displacement. The excavation depth has a greater effect on the reaction force if it is greater than 100 mm. Results showed that working with small tool depth and average angles (30◦ to 60◦) can produce lower reaction forces and good soil displacement.

Key Words
bucket tooth; FEM; interaction; soil modelling

Address
Hibat Rahmane Bakhouche: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Abbas Laghrour, Laboratory of Structures,
Atomic Interatomic Properties and Interactions (LASPI2A), Khenchela, Algeria
Mohammed Salah Aggoune: Department of Mechanical Engineering, Echahid Cheikh Larbi Tebessi University, Tebessa, Algeria
Belkacem Meddour: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Abbas Laghrour, Laboratory of Advanced Materials
Science and Engineering (ISMA), Khenchela, Algeria
Hamma Zedira: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Abbas Laghrour, Atomic Interatomic Properties and
Interactions (LASPI2A), Khenchela, Algeria

Abstract
The present study proposes a strain energy–based method for evaluating soil–structure interaction (SSI) effects for ground-mounted parabolic antenna systems founded on layered soils. Conventional frequencyindependent impedance formulations, such as those recommended in ASCE 4-16, are primarily based on homogeneous soil assumptions and may not adequately capture the dynamic behavior of layered soil profiles. In this work, a strain energy equivalence approach is developed to estimate translational and rotational soil impedances by accounting for depth-wise variations in soil stiffness. The proposed method is validated using three-dimensional finite element modeling and in-situ microtremor measurements. The results demonstrate improved prediction of natural frequencies and modal mass participation factors compared to standard impedance-based approaches, indicating that the proposed method provides a more realistic representation of SSI effects for precision-sensitive antenna structures.

Key Words
microtremor test; natural frequency; parabolic antenna; soil impedance; soil–structure interaction; strain energy principle

Address
Venkata Lakshmi Gullapalli and Raghunandan Kumar R.: Department of Civil Engineering, CHRIST University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
G.R. Reddy: Department of Structural Engineering, VNIT, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India

Abstract
The provision of skirt improves the bearing capacity of conventional shallow foundation by confining the soil and transferring the superstructure load to the deeper strata; however, the role of governing parameters remains inadequately explored. This study investigates the improvement in the pressure-settlement performance of the skirted foundation through physical model tests at 1-g scale. The contribution of skirt beneath the vertically loaded shallow foundation is evaluated attributing a variety of influential system parameters such as depth ratio of skirt (Ds/B), normalized offset distance (y/B) and soil relative density (RD). This study presents a novel investigation into how the relative offset distance between the model foundation and the skirt periphery influences the foundation response, providing new insights for optimized skirted foundation design in cohesionless soils. Results are presented in the form of dimensionless parameters such as the Improvement Factor (IF) and Settlement Reduction Factor (SRF). The results indicate that the skirting of the foundation improves the bearing capacity by a factor of approximately 1.25 and reduces the settlement by a factor in the range of 0.69-0.74. The reduction in normalized offset distance from 1.00 to 0.25 reduces the foundation settlement by a factor in the range of 0.85-0.88 to 0.66-0.74. Additionally, the study demonstrates that the effect of skirting is insignificant under dense soil conditions (70% RD). The results obtained from experimental investigation have been validated with the analytical solutions in this study. The findings of this study are pertinent to subgrade, foundation, and pavement stabilization in cohesionless soils.

Key Words
depth ratio; improvement factor; offset distance; settlement reduction factor; skirted foundation

Address
Nikita Chauhan, Manojit Samanta: Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh – 201002 India;
Geotechnical & Geohazards Group, CSIR – Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee,
Uttarakhand – 247667 India

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