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CONTENTS
Volume 40, Number 1, January10 2025
 

Abstract
Erosion along riverbanks stands as a critical natural disaster, severely impacting the economy and livelihoods of those near rivers. The erosion occurs from the weakening and displacement of materials along the bank, driven by various elements such as water flow, ship-generated waves, agricultural practices, and nearby infrastructure. The soil-water interface presents a complex challenge, sparking extensive studies into understanding the interplay between hydrodynamic forces and soil properties. This research focuses on assessing how water waves influence riverbank stability. Through a series of centrifuge experiments, it investigates the relationship between wave-induced dynamic pressure and erosion rates. Findings suggest that the wave height of 0.22 to 0.24 meters on the prototype scale can be simulated under a 20 g artificial acceleration in the centrifuge modelling. The erosion process develops in three distinct phases: initial erosion, formation of tension cracks, and eventual collapse, underscoring the practical importance of understanding wave pressure and soil resistance to predict erosion rates and design effective mitigation measures for riverbank and geotechnical structures.

Key Words
centrifuge modeling; erosion rate; impact pressure; riverbank; soil-water interaction;waves

Address
Canh M. Tran: Earth Sciences and Geotechnical Engineering Division, National Center for Earthquake Engineering, R.O.C Taiwan
Yi W. Hung and Farid Sitepu: Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, R.O.C, Taiwan
Giang H.H. Pham: Faculty of Transportation Engineering, Can Tho University, VietNam
Em L. Huynh: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, VietNam



Abstract
Recycling soda residue (SR) as a construction material offers a sustainable and economical method of waste management. This study investigated the performance of various types of stabilisers in improving SR, including ordinary Portland cement (OPC), ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), fly ash, silica sand, and clay. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) method was employed to identify the suitable stabiliser composition with consideration of strength requirement and cost control. Subsequently, one-dimensional consolidation and field plate load tests were conducted on SR treated with the selected stabiliser composition. The results revealed that GGBS had superior performance in improving the strength of SR. The synergic effect between GGBS and OPC was found to be more beneficial for the improvement of SR than the combination of GGBS with fly ash, silica sand, or clay. Moreover, the SR treated with the selected stabilisation composition exhibited excellent compressibility of SR and satisfactory bearing capacity in the field. This study highlights the technical advantage of recycling SR as a construction material, as well as provides a reference for the sustainable management of bulk solid waste in practice.

Key Words
construction material; fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method; ground granulated blast-furnace slag; ordinary Portland cement; soda residue; waste management

Address
Wanlu Zhang: School of Civil & Environmental Engineering and Geography Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, P.R. China
Panpan Tang: Department of Engineering, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4RN, UK
Yonghui Chen: Department of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, P. R. China

Abstract
Wind erosion is an alarming environmental threat that affects the balance of the biodiversity of an ecosystem. Preventive measures like vegetation, tillage and mechanical methods are currently in practice to limit the soil loss caused by wind erosion. Biological alternatives are gaining traction as they aid the sustainable development of degraded regions. Biopolymers offer an excellent alternative to improve the resistance of soil to erosion. The present study investigates the potential of two anionic biopolymers, xanthan gum (XG) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) to control wind erosion of fine sand. Results indicate that fine sand treated with 2.0% XG and 1.5% CMC offered more strength in 7 days, when subjected to open-air curing. Jar and crumb immersion tests suggest that CMC can sustain immersion at lower doses, whereas XG can sustain water immersion at higher doses. The model wind erosion test done for five different wind velocities (4.2, 8.4, 12.3, 16 and 20 m/s) at three different durations (2 hours, 3 days and 7 days of open-air curing) indicated that wind erosion resistance of treated soil improved with ageing. A minimal dosage of 0.75% CMC and 0.5% XG deters the loss of fine sand. For example, at a velocity of 20 m/s soil loss reduced from 100% to 1.97% and 2.4% at 0.75% CMC and 0.5% XG respectively. Experimental investigation ascertains that both XG and CMC can effectively be used to control soil loss caused by wind erosion and promote vegetation on the degraded areas.

Key Words
cellulose; fine sand; strength; wind erosion; xanthan gum

Address
Evangelin Ramani Sujatha, Bhuvaneshwaran Sudha and
Mohanraj Aswiin Kumar: Centre for Advanced Research in Environment, School of Civil Engineering, SASTRA Deemed to be University,Thanjavur – 613401, Tamil Nadu, India
Govindarajan Kannan: Department of Civil Engineering, Mepco Schlenk Engineering College, Sivakasi – 626005, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract
The mechanical properties and fracture characteristics of goaf following tailings backfilling are crucial for exploiting deep resources. This study investigates the bearing characteristics and cracking behavior of hollow specimens and rock-backfill specimens with different diameters under uniaxial compression. The study examines the fracture evolution process driven by energy and analyzes the time-varying characteristics of acoustic emission (AE) parameters during loading. The results indicate that tailings backfilling enhances the peak strength and elastic modulus of the specimens, with the maximum increases being 38.87% and 66.41%, respectively. However, it does not alter the overall trend, which remains negatively correlated with the hollow diameter. As the diameter increases, the surface crack network phenomenon in hollow specimens gradually weakens. Rock debris transitions from small spalled and ejected pieces to larger spalled fragments. The crack propagation morphology of rock-backfill specimens exhibits a V-shaped distribution. The final failure mode of the specimens is a tensile-shear mixed failure, with shear failure being predominant. The internal backfill primarily exhibits shear slip failure. The input energy and elastic strain energy of the specimens are positively correlated with variations in mechanical parameters. Tailings backfilling reverses the trend of dissipation energy changes in the specimens compared to hollow specimens. At peak time, the dissipation energy of rock-backfill specimens with diameters of 25 mm and 30 mm is 2.4 and 2.09 times greater than that of the hollow specimens, respectively. The AE b-value of the rock-backfill specimens exhibits a secondary reduction phenomenon, and this phenomenon appears earlier as the diameter increases. The fluctuation in the RA value is substantial, indicating more severe stress release and crack propagation coalescence. As the diameter increases, the proportion of shear cracks initially increases and then decreases; however, the change range is more gradual in rock-backfill specimens, with a variation of about 4.25%. This study is of great significance for understanding the synergistic bearing behavior and fracture mechanisms of tailings backfill in the goaf.

Key Words
AE characteristics; energy evolution; fracture characteristics; synergistic bearing

Address
Hu K. Wang: and Jin P. Cao School of Civil Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China
Zhi G. Xia: School of Mining Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan 114051, China;
Engineering Research Center of Green Mining of Metal Mineral Resources Liaoning Province, Anshan 114051, China
Hai L: School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
Bing Chen: School of Civil Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
Jian Chen: School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, North China University of Science and Technology,
Tangshan 063210, China

Abstract
To solve various problems that require geophysical countermeasures, several efforts have been made to estimate the soil water content through electromagnetic waves. This study was aimed at evaluating water content, and following three techniques of evaluation that use electromagnetic waves were compared based on the frequency domain: electrical resistivity measured at a low frequency, time-domain reflectometry (TDR) using a band of tens of MHz to several GHz, and a hyperspectral camera using light occupied in a very high frequency band. A multivariate regression model, which incorporated both the reflectance by hyperspectral images and dielectric constant as independent variables, demonstrated improved predictive accuracy compared with a single linear regression model, which solely focuses on reflectance. However, the relationship between the polynomials was induced by comparing wavelength bands that are superior to other methods when evaluating the water content of soil through hyperspectral technology. In particular, the reflectance at approximately 970 nm recorded the highest R-squared value when the curve fitted the cubic relationship between the reflectance and water content. As hyperspectral images offer the advantage of non-contact measurements, the soil water content was estimated using hyperspectral imaging techniques that exhibit similar high R-squared value as that of TDR.

Key Words
dielectric constant; electrical resistivity; hyperspectral image; time domain reflectometry; water content

Address
Hyunsoo Lee, Jong-Sub Lee and Seungkwan Hong: School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University,
145, Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
Sang Yeob Kim: Department of Fire and Disaster Prevention, Konkuk University,
268, Chungwon-daero, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea

Abstract
As mining depth continues to increase, coal mines face increasingly complex water inrush conditions and varying risk factors, making the assessment of floor water inrush (FWI) risk more challenging. To more accurately evaluate the risk of FWI, this study proposes a composite evaluation model integrating Random Forest (RF), the VIKOR method, and Geographic Information System (GIS). Taking the Yangcheng Coal Mine in North China as the study area, an evaluation index system for FWI risk is established, consisting of six key factors: fault fractal dimension (C1), seam dip angle (C2), mining depth (C3), key-strata thickness (C4), water pressure (C5), and dip length of the working face (C6). The RF algorithm is used to mine the data features, ensuring a more scientific and reasonable calculation of the weights. The results show the following weights: C1 = 0.108, C2 = 0.092, C3 = 0.168, C4 = 0.171, C5 = 0.368, and C6 = 0.093. GIS technology is employed to collect quantitative data of six key factors affecting FWI at 1314 grid center points in the mining area. The VIKOR method is then applied to process the data, obtaining a risk ranking for each point, with higher-risk points ranked first. The evaluation results are visually presented in GIS with a color gradient, transitioning from green to red, indicating increasing risks. Actual water outflow locations are found within the red zones, validating the effectiveness of the model. This FWI risk assessment method provides new insights and practical references for the prevention and control of water-related hazards in coal mining.

Key Words
evaluation; floor water inrush; geographic information system; random forest; VIKOR method

Address
Mengke Han, Jiyuan Zhao, Yanhui Du and Liqiu Zhang: College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China
Weitao Liu: College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China;
College of Energy and Mining Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, China

Abstract
This study pertains to the stability of the waste dump of an iron ore mine near the working pit area in western India, with a focus on exploring the potential to increase the dimensions of dump aligned with sustainable mining practices and ensuring safety, through a process of optimization. The approach combined field investigations, laboratory testing, and numerical modelling of slope, using limit equilibrium method, and evaluating the Factor of Safety (FoS) of the dump. The results indicated that the existing dump exhibited stability, with FoS values ranging from 1.407 to 1.996, adhering to Indian regulations. Slope stability analysis of the dump was performed to evaluate the stability of modified dump with proposed changes in slope parameters. Additionally, moderate increases in height and adjustments in slope angles to 30-35 was proposed to enhanced the dump capacity. The changes efficiently implemented increased the dump area by 1.01 hectare and dump capacity by 1.16 million tons, without compromising safety of the dump slopes. Additionally, the need for enhanced monitoring especially during adverse weather conditions is stressed.

Key Words
dump slope optimization; dump stability; geotechnical analysis; iron ore mine; slope stability modelling

Address
Naresh K. Katariya and B.S. Choudhary: Department of Mining Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (ISM), Dhanbad– 826001, India
Mahzad Esmaeili-Falak: Department of Civil Engineering, North Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, 1651153311, Iran
A.K. Raina: CSIR-Central Institute of Mining and Fuel Research, Dhanbad, India;
Academy of Excellence in Scientific Research, Ghaziabad, India

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