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CONTENTS
Volume 30, Number 2, February 2026
 

Abstract
This study investigates the interfacial stresses in composite steel-concrete cellular beams reinforced by composite plates, focusing on their nonlinear behavior. The study examines the impact of adhesive nature and irregular thickness of the adhesive joint on the mechanical performance of the holed beams, examining key parameters such as stiffness, bearing capacity, and stress distribution. Nonlinear elastic theory is used to analyze sliding and linear interfacial stresses in these beams, considering bonded shear deformations and linear shear stress throughout the beam's depth. The study is intended for applications with holed beams made of various materials joined by a thin composite plate. The stresses at the interface are influenced by the material and geometry parameters of the composite beam. The study recommends structural design that balances the size and number of web holes and load-bearing capacity, and recommends using reinforcements around web openings for stability. This research is useful for understanding the mechanical behavior of the interface and designing hybrid structures.

Key Words
adhesive bonding; cellular steel-concrete composite beam; composite plates; interfacial stresses; shear deformations; slip; strengthening

Address
Bensatallah Tayeb, Hassaine Daouadji Tahar, Rabahi Aberezak, Benferhat Rabia: 1) Department of Civil Engineering, Ibn Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Algeria, 2) Laboratory of Geomatics and Sustainable Development LGéo2D, University of Tiaret, Algeria
Abbes Boussad, Abbes Fazilay: Materials and Mechanical Engineering MATIM, University of Reims Cedex 2, France

Abstract
The present study addresses the importance of designing buildings to improve their seismic performance, with a focus during earthquakes on how building layouts affect their structural response using nonlinear static pushover analysis. Thirty reinforced concrete buildings of different heights (6, 9 and 12 stories) and aspect ratios ranging from 1 to 10 were constructed using ETAPS 2021 software while adhering to the code guidelines of Algerian Seismic Rules and Eurocode 8. The results after analysis provide valuable insights into the behavioral factors of reinforced concrete structures, which enhances the construction standards to avoid potential risks, with a special focus on evaluating the seismic performance of multi-story structures, which illustrates the role of different designs in the structural response. The results shows that the best seismic performance and the highest shear strength values at the performance point are at small aspect ratios (AR=1 to 3) which result in less displacements, indicating increased stiffness and stability under lateral loads. In contrast, taller buildings with larger aspect ratios showed increased deformation and lower seismic behavior coefficient values, reflecting reduced earthquake resistance. Furthermore, this study gives a comparison between theoretical and seismic behavior factor values of reinforced concrete structures due to sudden constructional behaviors during earthquakes, and stresses the importance of assessing current seismic design rules to address the effect of height and aspect ratio under temblor conditions.

Key Words
aspect ratio; behavior factor; earthquake resistance; nonlinear pushover analysis; seismic performance

Address
Acoustics and Civil Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Khemis Miliana University, Rue Thniet El Had Khemis Miliana 44001 Ain Defla, Algeria

Abstract
This study proposes a seismic risk assessment framework for bridge structures from an economic-risk perspective, integrating vulnerability analysis and risk-tolerance theory. A multi-dimensional damage-state space is constructed to quantify structural risk levels under varying seismic scenarios. The framework employs risk-tolerance theory to classify structural responses into defined risk intervals during earthquakes. Applying this methodology to quasi isolated, simply supported girder bridges designed in accordance with Chinese bridge design codes yields the following key insights: (1) Bridges detailed by standard specifications demonstrate seismic risks that remain within broadly acceptable limits, with no scenarios exceeding intolerable thresholds; (2) Seismic risk decreases as pier height increases. However, beyond critical pier heights of approximately 20 meters, the marginal risk reduction from further height augmentation diminishes significantly, necessitating a trade-off between safety and economy in design optimization. (3) At shear-key strength ratios exceeding 0.2 (20% of superstructure dead load), structural risk stabilizes but shifts damage concentration to piers, exacerbating their vulnerability. At ratios below 0.15 (15%), quasiisolation effects dominate, confining pier damage to repairable levels and maintaining risk within publicly acceptable bounds. By translating structural performance into clear risk metrics, this framework equips non specialists with intuitive, socio economically informed indicators, thereby advancing performance based seismic assessment practices.

Key Words
bridges; risk scenarios; seismic risk assessment; tolerance theory; vulnerability analysis

Address
School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China

Abstract
Local shear deformation in structural systems—such as frames and coupled shear walls—has been largely omitted from the classical sandwich-beam formulation, despite its extensive application in the continuous modeling of multi-story buildings. Although several recent studies have attempted to incorporate this mechanism, most available solutions are mathematically complex, limited to specific configurations, and substantially alter the classical model. To overcome these limitations, this study introduces a simple correction factor that incorporates local shear deformation without modifying the classical sandwich-beam formulation, thereby preserving its closed-form analytical advantages. The lateral displacement is decomposed into bending, shear, and interaction components. It is shown that the local shear mechanism does not modify the bending or interaction contributions, allowing existing closed-form expressions to remain valid. However, the global shear displacement requires adjustment through the proposed correction factor, which effectively addresses the large errors documented in previous works. The resulting formulation shows strong agreement with analytical solutions available in the literature and is applicable to both symmetric and asymmetric buildings.

Key Words
asymmetry; continuum method; deflection; generalized continuous beam; lateral loads; multi-story buildings; sandwich beam; torsion

Address
Department of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Avenue Túpac Amaru 210, 15333 Lima, Peru

Abstract
Earthquake vulnerability is a critical indicator for assessing the seismic safety performance of dams. The seismic time history method is a performance-based seismic safety analysis method that can predict the dynamic response of dam structures under different earthquake intensities. To address the issues associated with traditional vulnerability calculations, which require extensive amplitude adjustment and dynamic analysis, this study combines the seismic time history method with traditional vulnerability calculation methods to propose a seismic vulnerability calculation method for earth-rock dams based on seismic time history. First, using the site-specific spectrum, the ETA method is employed to generate seismic time history curves; Then, based on these curves, the dynamic response of the dam under different peak accelerations is calculated; Next, the MSA method is used to compare and analyze the traditional amplitude adjustment calculation method with the seismic time history method to validate the applicability of this method. The calculation results show that the ETA method and the traditional method have high correlation, with the maximum error of the seismic damage index exceedance probability being 15.1%, and the error is within the allowable range. This proves the applicability of the ETA method in the seismic vulnerability analysis of earth-rock dams, and the research results can provide technical references for the seismic performance design and risk assessment of earth-rock dams.

Key Words
earth-rock dam; ETA method; MSA method; seismic time history method; vulnerability analysis

Address
Fengyu Zhou, Te Wang, Zelin Ding: School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China
Ligang Chen: Yellow River Engineering Consulting Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450003, China
Bo Yuan: Henan Provincial Water Conservancy First Engineering Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450016, China
Hongyang Zhang: 1) School of Water Conservancy, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China, 2) Science and Technology Service Center, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450046, China

Abstract
Design methods that consider vehicle impact loads include the equivalent static force method, the displacement-based design method, and the performance-based design method. To develop each of these approaches, various impact experiments and analytical studies have been conducted. For displacement-based and performance-based design methods, research involving static loading applied to the midsection of reinforced concrete (RC) columns is required, but relevant experimental studies remain limited. Therefore, in this study, both experimental and finite element analysis (FEA) were conducted to investigate the behavior of RC columns subjected to displacement-controlled lateral loading at an intermediate point along the columns with moment loads, considering small buildings. Two full-scale RC columns, each with cross-sectional dimensions of 400x400 mm and a height of 2,500 mm (Test-A and Test-B), were tested. Lateral loading was applied at a height of 1,500 mm from the base, and an axial load equal to 10% of the design compressive strength was applied to the Test-B specimen. Load–displacement curves, crack patterns, and structural characteristics were obtained through experiments, and the experimental results were verified using ANSYS-based FEA. The experiments showed that the peak load was 155.3 kN for Test-A and 182.8 kN for Test-B. The FEA results demonstrated high accuracy, with a peak load error of only 0.66%. Additionally, parametric analysis confirmed that the lateral resistance of columns decreased significantly as the height at which lateral loading was applied increased. Compared to columns subjected to axial force only, columns subjected to both axial force and moment exhibited lower lateral resistance. Thus, moment effects should also be considered when designing columns to withstand vehicle impact loads. The results of this study provide valuable foundational data for displacement-based and performance-based design methods.

Key Words
column; displacement-based method; intermediate lateral loading; moment loads; pushover

Address
Tao Liu: School of Civil Engineering, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan 411201, China
Ju-Hyun Mun, Seong Ryong Ahn, Sanghee Kim: Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, South Korea

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