Abstract
Chikusetsusaponin V's (CsV) effects on Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase (eNOS) and vascular endothelial functions were the focus of this investigation. Various CsV doses were introduced into in vitro cultures of Bovine Aortic Endothelial Cells (BAECs), Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs), and animal models. To evaluate the impact of CsV on endothelial activities, vascular stiffness, eNOS mRNA and protein expression, and Nitric Oxide (NO) production were examined using quantitative PCR (qPCR), Western Blotting (WB), and B-ultrasound imaging. Protein mass spectrometry, molecular docking, bioinformatics, and network pharmacology were further applied to predict upstream transcription factors and molecular interactions regulating eNOS activity. Complementarily, advanced machine learning (ML) models including neural networks, Random Forests (RF), Support Vector Machines (SVM), and RF–Fuzzy Logic were employed to predict endothelial responses under varying CsV conditions. The neural network achieved the highest predictive accuracy (86.36%), while the RF–Fuzzy Logic model demonstrated superior precision (90.91%) and recall (83.33%). Feature importance analysis identified impedance modulus and water contact angle (WCA) as critical determinants of CsV-induced endothelial regulation. These findings provide nano- and molecular-level insights into the mechanisms by which CsV modulates endothelial function, integrating experimental assays with ML-driven predictions to inform potential therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
Key Words
cyclic shear viscosity (CSV); endothelial cell adhesion; machine learning; neural networks; random forests-fuzzy logic; support vector machines (SVMs)
Address
Lianfeng Li: Network Information Center, The Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning 530002, China
Yanhong Yang: College of Computer Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
Guodao Zhang: Institute of Intelligent Media Computing, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China/ Shangyu Institute of Science and Engineering Co.Ltd. Hangzhou Dianzi University, Shaoxing 312300, China
Anwu Huang, Xumei Huang, Shanjiang Chen, Deyu Peng Bin Lin and Xiaojun Ji: Department of Cardiology, Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
Abstract
Using the modified couple stress theory, this study investigates the nonlinear vibrations of a sandwich microshell composed of a functionally graded graphene platelets (FG-GPL)-reinforced core and two uniform outer skins, all simply supported. The analysis employs the first-order shear deformation shell theory alongside a nonlinear strain framework. The mechanical properties of the GPL-reinforced core are assumed to vary with thickness, utilizing the Halpin-Tsai model. Three distinct distribution patterns of GPLs throughout the thickness are examined. The microshell is subjected to thermal loading, facilitating the calculation of its temperature field across the thickness by applying the one-dimensional Fourier heat conduction equation, which accounts for thermal boundary conditions at both the inner and outer surfaces of the shell. The shell models incorporate shear deformation and rotary inertia, while geometric nonlinearity is addressed using the von Karman approach. The fundamental partial differential equations (PDEs) governing the system are derived using Hamilton's principle. These coupled PDEs are then transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via the Galerkin method and solved using the multiple timescale method to obtain results. The findings are validated against existing literature, demonstrating a robust level of agreement. This study thoroughly examines the effects of various factors, including GPL weight fraction, thickness distribution patterns, material length scale parameters, core length, radius, and individual layer thickness on nonlinear frequency ratios, fundamental linear frequencies, and nonlinear frequencies.
Abstract
Using the modified couple stress theory, this study investigates the nonlinear vibrations of a sandwich microshell composed of a functionally graded graphene platelets (FG-GPL)-reinforced core and two uniform outer skins, all simply supported. The analysis employs the first-order shear deformation shell theory alongside a nonlinear strain framework. The mechanical properties of the GPL-reinforced core are assumed to vary with thickness, utilizing the Halpin-Tsai model. Three distinct distribution patterns of GPLs throughout the thickness are examined. The microshell is subjected to thermal loading, facilitating the calculation of its temperature field across the thickness by applying the one-dimensional Fourier heat conduction equation, which accounts for thermal boundary conditions at both the inner and outer surfaces of the shell. The shell models incorporate shear deformation and rotary inertia, while geometric nonlinearity is addressed using the von Karman approach. The fundamental partial differential equations (PDEs) governing the system are derived using Hamilton's principle. These coupled PDEs are then transformed into a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) via the Galerkin method and solved using the multiple timescale method to obtain results. The findings are validated against existing literature, demonstrating a robust level of agreement. This study thoroughly examines the effects of various factors, including GPL weight fraction, thickness distribution patterns, material length scale parameters, core length, radius, and individual layer thickness on nonlinear frequency ratios, fundamental linear frequencies, and nonlinear frequencies.
Address
Suleiman Ibrahim Mohammad: Electronic Marketing and Social Media, Economic and Administrative Sciences Zarqa University, Jordan/ Research follower, INTI International University, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Sultan Alaswad Alenazi: Marketing Department, College of Business, King Saud University, Riyadh 11362, Saudi Arabia
Hanan Jadallah: Electronic Marketing and Social Media, Economic and Administrative Sciences Zarqa University, Jordan
Badrea Al Oraini: Department of Business Administration, Collage of Business and Economics, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
Asokan Vasudevan: Faculty of Business and Communications, INTI International University, 71800 Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia/ Shinawatra University, 99 Moo 10, Bangtoey, Samkhok, Pathum Thani 12160 Thailand
Khaled Mohamed Elhadi: Civil Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia/ Center for Engineering and Technology Innovations, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
Murat Yaylaci: Department of Civil Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey/ Turgut Kiran Maritime Faculty, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53900, Rize, Turkey
Abstract
This study presents a comprehensive multi-physics analysis of wave propagation characteristics in a shear-deformable sandwich beam, employing a novel higher-order thickness-stretched model. The physical system comprises a graphene origami-reinforced copper matrix core, integrated with piezoelectric and piezomagnetic face-sheets, operating under combined thermal, electrical, and magnetic excitations. The formulation rigorously incorporates two-dimensional constitutive relations for the shear-deformable structure, coupled with the governing electric potential and magnetic induction equations. Hamilton's principle is applied to derive the system's governing equations, explicitly accounting for the interdependent effects of thermal gradients, applied electric potentials, and magnetic inductions. The results of this analysis and proposed structure can be used for application in sport equipment such as pole vault. The constitutive behavior of the innovative GOri-copper composite core is critically modeled using temperature-dependent modifier functions within the Halpin-Tsai micromechanical framework. This captures the influence of key parameters—including graphene volume fraction, origami folding degree, and thermal load—on the effective modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio, thermal expansion coefficient, and density of the core material. An analytical methodology is developed for the multi-field (thermal-electro-magneto-mechanical) and multi-material analysis of the composite beam structure. This approach enables systematic investigation of wave propagation sensitivity to variations in core morphology (folding degree, volume fraction), environmental conditions (temperature), and excitation parameters (electric potential, magnetic induction). A detailed verification study establishes the validity and accuracy of the proposed higher-order model and analytical solution by benchmarking against established theories and available results. The derived numerical results demonstrate significant potential for the application of this smart sandwich structure in both sensor and actuator systems. The integrated face-sheets, coupled with the tailored GOri core, provide a robust platform for real-time measurement of mechanical deformation, strain, or stress states within composite structures via the embedded electromagnetic response. Furthermore, the model offers critical insights for the design and optimization of advanced multifunctional sandwich composites operating in complex thermal and electromagnetic environments, particularly for structural health monitoring and adaptive structural control applications.
Key Words
auxetic metamaterial; folding; electro-magneto-elastic results; graphene origami; initial electric/magnetic potentials; shear and normal deformation theory
Address
Weiwei Wang and Defang Chen: Nanchang Institute of Science & Technology, Nanchang 330108, Jiangxi, China
Mostafa Habibi: Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 600077, India/ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Haliç University, Istanbul, Turkey
Monire Norouzi: Department of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Halic University, 34060, Istanbul, Turkey
Y. Duang: School of Computer Science, Production Engineering Group, department of Construction, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Abstract
The advancement of theoretical research faces numerous challenges, particularly when it comes to modeling structures, in contrast to the experimental investigation of the mechanical behavior of complex systems. Metal foams are advanced composite materials with high porosity, low weight, and excellent thermal conductivity, making them essential for applications in thermal management, filtration, catalysis, and energy storage. The study addresses the challenges in theoretical research related to modeling complex structures, presenting a more accurate approach by incorporating nonclassical mechanics. It introduces a novel method for modeling tri-directionally coated porous structures with varying microstructures, accounting for intrinsic characteristic lengths and spatial variations in material properties. The study focuses on the static behavior of multidirectionally functionally graded porous metal foam shells, utilizing modified higher-order shear deformation theory and the principle of virtual work. To tackle various boundary conditions, the investigation employs the Galerkin method, providing a comprehensive and refined analysis of the system's behavior. Two types of porous shells, categorized as Softcore (SC) and Hardcore (HC), are analyzed, with five distribution patterns: tri-directional (Type-A), two bidirectional (Type-B and Type-C), transverse unidirectional (Type-D), and axial unidirectional (Type-E).
Key Words
bending response; Galerkin procedure; modified higher-order shear deformation theory; 3D material distribution
Address
Ahmed Amine Daikh: Artificial Intelligence Laboratory for Mechanical and Civil Structures, and Soil, University Centre of Naama, P.O. Box 66, Naama 45000, Algeria/ Laboratoire d'Etude des Structures et de Mécanique des Matériaux, Département de Génie Civil, Faculté des Sciences et de la Technologie, Université Mustapha Stambouli B.P. 305, R.P.29000 Mascara, Algérie
Mohamed A Eltaher: Mechanical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80204, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
Rania Gamal: Faculty of Engineering Technology Elsewedy University of Technology-Polytechnic Egypt Cairo 7060010, Egypt
Loubna Nadji: Artificial Intelligence Laboratory for Mechanical and Civil Structures, and Soil, University Centre of Naama, P.O. Box 66, Naama 45000, Algeria
Norhan A. Mohamed: Engineering Mathematics Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Zagazig, 44519, Egypt
Abstract
In this study, analytical solution of transient temperature distribution of curved beam is presented for various boundary conditions. After derivation of the governing equation, solution for temperature distribution in curved beam is derived using an exact analytical method. The results are obtained for three different boundary conditions. The solution is obtained using separation of variables method. Applying the various boundary conditions yields unknown constants in terms of input parameters. The accuracy and trueness of the obtained solution and corresponding numerical results are satisfied using comparison with available results of literature. The results are presented for various types of the thermal boundary conditions.
Key Words
analytical solution; curved beam; transient temperature distribution; various boundary conditions
Address
Ashkan Nourizadeh Dehkordi, Mohammad Arefi, Mohsen Irani Rahaghi and E. Mohammad-Rezaei Bidgoli: Department of Solid Mechanic, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Kashan, Kashan, Iran
Abstract
In this study, the propagation of waves in beams reinforced with carbon nanotube-reinforced composites (CNTRCs) resting on a variable viscoelastic foundation is examined. The novelty of this work lies in addressing CNTRC beams resting on a spatially variable viscoelastic foundation, a problem that has received limited attention in the literature despite its practical significance. The reinforcement is provided by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs), distributed in various configurations of uniaxially aligned material. Particular attention is given to the uniform distribution (UD) of reinforcement, which is analyzed to evaluate the effects of non-linear (NL) variation in CNT distribution. The governing equations of motion for the CNTRC beam are derived through the application of the First-Order Shear Deformation Theory (FSDT) in conjunction with Hamilton's principle. The beam is considered to be functionally graded (FG) and is modeled as resting on a three-parameter viscoelastic foundation, incorporating a Winkler spring interconnected with a Pasternak shear layer. Moreover, the viscoelastic behavior of the foundation is included, and the spatial variability of the Winkler foundation stiffness along the beam length is represented using linear, sinusoidal, and parabolic distributions. Analytical solutions in the form of dispersion relations are obtained to determine the wave frequencies and phase velocities. The influence of different CNT distribution configurations on wave propagation characteristics is demonstrated. Furthermore, the effects of CNT volume fraction, foundation stiffness parameters, and the damping coefficient on the dynamic response of the system are systematically investigated. Overall, this study advances the understanding of wave propagation in CNTRC beams by explicitly incorporating both non-linear CNT distribution and spatially variable viscoelastic foundations, offering insights not captured in previous beam models.
Key Words
carbon nanotube; FG-CNT beams; viscoelastic foundation; wave propagation
Address
Djaloul Zarga: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of M'Hamed BOUGARA Boumerdes, Algeria
Mokhtar Nebab: Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of M'Hamed BOUGARA Boumerdes, Algeria/ Laboratory of Structures, Geotechnics and Risks, Department of Civil Engineering, Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Algeria
Hassen Ait Atmane: Laboratory of Structures, Geotechnics and Risks, Department of Civil Engineering, Hassiba Benbouali University of Chlef, Algeria/ Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University Hassiba Benbouali of Chlef, Algeria
Hadji Lazreg: Faculty of Civil Engineering, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam/ Laboratory of Geomatics and Sustainable Development, Ibn Khaldoun University of Tiaret, Tiaret, Algeria
Abstract
Sports facilities encounter persistent difficulties in reconciling athlete safety and performance with the rising expenses of operation and maintenance. This study investigates the utilization of nanocomposite materials, augmented with nano-scale reinforcements like carbon nanotubes, in sports infrastructure, encompassing running tracks, court surfaces, gym flooring, and protective barriers. Computer-based modeling and machine learning optimization were utilized to design and simulate nanocomposite structures, with the objectives of prolonging service life, decreasing maintenance cycles, minimizing material replacement, and enhancing energy efficiency. The simulations forecast material performance under authentic loading and environmental conditions, offering significant insight into durability and functional behavior. Replacing extensive physical prototyping with virtual design tools significantly reduced development time and resource consumption. The results demonstrate that the incorporation of nanocomposites via computational design methodologies can yield sports facilities that are safer, more durable, and more sustainable, while simultaneously decreasing long-term operational expenses.
Address
Qinggong Li: Zhengzhou University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450044, Henan, China
Mostafa Habibi: Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India/ Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Haliç University, Istanbul, Turkey
Zhongu Su: Institute of Sciences and Design of AL-Kharj, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
