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CONTENTS
Volume 18, Number 5, May 2025
 

Abstract
This research investigates the application of machine learning methodologies to optimize energy management within the context of a volleyball game, specifically focusing on the energy dynamics of the ball. Machine learning, as a discipline, provides a robust framework for the development of automated analytical models, enabling the extraction of meaningful insights from complex datasets. The ball in the volleyball games is the most important tool. The surface properties and response to hit by hand are crucial in determining the accuracy and fluency of the game. The outer material of the ball is extremely determinative in the mechanical response of the ball to the impact loading which commonly causes vibration in the ball. Therefore, in the current work vibrations of a volleyball game ball is presented. The volleyball game ball is reinforced by graphene oxide powders to improve its stability in different situation. Finally, the results show that the ball's radius has a key role in the dynamic stability of the volleyball game ball. One of the important outcomes of the current research is that, unlike the ball's size, heavier balls tend to be more stable when they hit the ground. The outputs of the current work can be used for future analysis of the volleyball game ball for improving its stability.

Key Words
dynamic simulation; sensor; smart material; volleyball sport problem

Address
Li Xu and Chen Zhang: Sports Science, Soonchunhyang University, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, 31538, Rep. of Korea

Mostafa Habibi: Universidad UTE, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Calle Rumipamba S/N y Bourgeois, Quito 170147, Ecuador/ Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India/ Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam

Ibrahim Albaijan: Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Al Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj 16273, Saudi Arabia

Chuangao Yin: Army Engineering University, Shijiazhuang 050000, Hebei, China

Abstract
Protein stability has been recognized as a critical factor influencing athletic performance, recovery, and injury prevention during physical exercise. Despite widespread recognition, the mechanisms by which exercise influences the stability of protein tissues and fibers remain incompletely understood. This study uses complex mechanical theories and numerical simulations to investigate how exercise impacts protein stability. Size-dependent mechanical models are employed to analyze the small-scale behavior of protein tissues under exercise-induced stress, including strain rate, tissue microstructure, and exercise intensity. Numerical approaches are used to simulate proteins' dynamic behavior, offering insights into their deformation and failure processes under a wide range of situations. The results demonstrate that exercise substantially influences protein stability, with significant variations depending on the kind and intensity of the physical activity. These findings provide novel insights into the importance of protein stability in athletic performance and recovery, highlighting practical implications for training optimization, injury prevention, and broader applications in sports science. This study emphasizes the importance of protein stability for exercise and athletic performance by integrating biomechanics and sports science.

Key Words
athletic performance; biomechanical analysis; exercise-induced changes; numerical simulations; protein stability; size-dependent models

Address
Chaofan Chen: College of Arts & Physical Education, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung-si 25457, Gangwon-do, Korea/ Sports College, Henan Untversity, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China

Xiangzi Xiao: Department of Education, Taylor's University, Jalan Taylor's,47500 Subang Jaya, Selangor Malaysia/ Sports College, Henan Untversity, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China

Liang Chen: Sports Department, CHANG'AN UNIVERSITY, Xi'an 710064, Shaanxi, China/ Sports College, Henan Untversity, Kaifeng 475000, Henan, China

Mostafa Habibi: Universidad UTE, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Calle Rumipamba S/N y Bourgeois, Quito 170147, Ecuador/ Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India/ Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam

Ameni Brahmia: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia

Xiaodao Chen: Institute Sciences and Design of AL-Kharj, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Abstract
In this study, silver nano-particles (AgNPs) were synthesized by an electro-discharge process between two immersed silver electrodes in four dielectrics: 1) Ethanol, 2) Ethanol-3% PVP, 3) Ethanol-5% PVP, and 4) Ethanol-8% PVP. Further, the effect of input parameters of the process was investigated (current intensity, pulse time duration, and PVP concentration) on the powder rate, structure, phases, morphological characteristics, size distribution, and shape of nanoparticles and then compared by XRD, TEM, UV-Vis, PSA, and SEM tests. The results indicated that the synthesized powder rate rose by increasing the current intensity, pulse time duration, and PVP concentration. By increasing the PVP concentration in ethanol, the pulse time duration and current intensity, the size of the silver nanoparticles shrank. Also, with elevation of PVP concentration in ethanol, the stabilization and dispersion of silver nanoparticles increased and improved, while agglomeration diminished. XRD patterns indicated that the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by electro-discharge process prevents formation of undesirable oxide silver phase. Eventually, the optimum values of input parameters for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles with smallest diameter (25nm-50 nm), best dispersion, stabilization, and the minimum agglomeration were obtained as: Ti = 100 (

Key Words
electro-discharge process; ethanol; polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP); silver (Ag); silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)

Address
Xinyu Bai and Hanyu Rao: College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China

Nidhal Becheikh: Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Engineering College, Northern Border University, Arar, Saudi Arabia

Farhad Kiarasi: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Eyvanekey, Eyvanekey, Semnan, Iran

Abstract
This study examines the relationship between physical exercise and the stability of nanodevices intended for targeted drug-delivery systems, emphasizing applications in sports science and medicine. The hemodynamic changes resulting from physical activity, including fluctuations in blood flow velocity and pressure, are essential factors affecting the performance and stability of nanodevices in the bloodstream. A modified continuum modeling approach that integrates high-order beam theory and nonlocal strain gradient theory is employed to simulate the dynamic behavior of nanodevices with nonuniform tubular geometries. The proposed design of the nanodevice includes a central nanomotor and two truncated conical nanotubes, functioning as nanoblades for the accurate transport and release of therapeutic agents. Numerical simulations investigate the nanodevice's rotational and vibrational stability under physiologically relevant conditions, such as changes in physical training intensity and blood flow patterns. This study thoroughly explores how essential aspects such as device design, material properties, and exercise-induced hemodynamic forces affect nanodevice performance. The results are corroborated by existing published data, indicating the potential for improved drug-delivery efficiency in active individuals. This research integrates mechanical engineering principles with sports science to establish a framework for developing advanced nanodevices suited to dynamic physiological environments, which has important implications for sports medicine, rehabilitation, and personalized healthcare.

Key Words
blood flow dynamics; continuum modeling; drug delivery; exercise hemodynamics; nanodevice stability; physical training

Address
Huanan Chen: College of Ministry of sports, Namseoul University, Cheonan City, South Chungcheong, 31020, Korea

Jiahao Zhu: College of Ministry of sports, Dankook University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16890, Korea

Mostafa Habibi: Universidad UTE, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Calle Rumipamba S/N y Bourgeois, Quito 170147, Ecuador/ Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India/ Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam

Ameni Brahmia: Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, 61413 Abha, Saudi Arabia

Dan Wnag: Institute Sciences and Design of AL-Kharj, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Abstract
Sports equipment that utilizes nanotechnology stands as a vital path for better athletic achievement while benefiting public wellness. This research investigates the creation of materials fortified with nanoparticles which get implemented in water-based sports and evaluate their fluid dynamics effects for advanced performance and protection. We improve swimwear and paddle strength as well as increase buoyancy aid flexibility by inserting nanoparticles into pipe-based athletic tools. The improvements through nanoparticle-reinforced pipes decrease drag effects along with transferring energy more efficiently while simultaneously creating health benefits through increased accessibility to athletes participating in water-based activities. Research models the nanoparticle-strengthened pipe alongside fluid dynamics testing which shows better water performance alongside better material endurance. The exploration demonstrates how nanotechnology advances water sports equipment production to establish a wellness-focused society that advances human performance across aquatic spaces.

Key Words
athletic performance; fluid; nanoparticles; public health; water sport

Address
Weng Yin and Zhan Kai: Institute of Physical Education, Shandong University, jinan, 250061, China

Abstract
The use of sophisticated materials and nanoscale structures in the design of sports equipment is recognized as a key strategy for boosting athletic performance. The study of spinning small-scale structures, such as nanobeams and nanotubes, is centered on their potential use in the creation of next-generation sporting equipment. The distinct characteristics of these constructions, such as improved stiffness, vibration damping, and longevity, play an important role in improving the efficiency, control, and responsiveness of various athletic equipment. Nanomaterials are used in tennis rackets, golf clubs, and hockey sticks to efficiently eliminate undesired vibrations while increasing energy transfer upon impact, boosting player comfort and performance. These structures' rotational dynamics closely resemble real-world circumstances encountered by sports equipment, such as the swinging motion of a bat and the bending of a ski. The nonlocal strain gradient theory provides useful insights for improving material behavior in dynamic loading situations, notably in terms of size effects at the nanoscale. Case studies and practical examples demonstrate how these innovations support athletes in improving their power, accuracy, and the longevity of their equipment. A connection exists between nanotechnology and sports engineering, facilitating the development of lighter, stronger, and more efficient technologies that enhance athletic performance capabilities. The significance of diverse methods for enhancing sports technology is emphasized, providing advantages for both elite athletes and recreational users.

Key Words
athletic performance; material optimization; nanoscale structures; nonlocal strain gradient theory; rotating dynamics; sports equipment

Address
Yuan Wan, Guizhi Zhang and Zimin Chang: College of Sports and Health, Nanchang Institute of Science and Technology, Nanchang 330108, Jiangxi, China

Mostafa Habibi: Universidad UTE, Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo, Calle Rumipamba S/N y Bourgeois, Quito 170147, Ecuador/ Department of Biomaterials, Saveetha Dental College and Hospital, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai 600 077, India/ Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Viet Nam

Ibrahim Albaijan: Mechanical Engineering Department, College of Engineering at Al Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia

Yang Li: Institute Sciences and Design of AL-Kharj, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Abstract
The development and applications of sandwich structures across various fields, including aerospace, marine, automotive, civil engineering, and building materials, have garnered significant interest. The strength of a sandwich composite material hinges on both its core and the two plates. This study proposes a systematic comparison and numerical analysis of the resistance to imposed displacements and deformations in a sandwich composite structure. We consider three sandwich composites with different core geometric structures (square, hexagon, and circle-square) while considering various factors, such as the geometric structure of the core and the fiber orientation of the laminated plates, among others. The numerical results indicate that the sandwich structure with a circle-square core exhibits higher strength than the other two options, namely square and hexagonal (honeycomb) cores.

Key Words
displacement; honeycomb; fiber orientation; finite element method; laminated plates; sandwich structure

Address
Habib Achache and Ghezail Abdi: Institute of Maintenance and Industrial Safety, University of Oran2 Mohamed Ben Ahmed, Oran, Algeria

Zagane Mohammed El Sallah: Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ibn Khaldoun, 14000, Tiaret, Algeria/ LMPM, Djillali Liabes University of Sidi Bel-Abbes, Algeria

Murat Yaylaci: Department of Civil Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey/ Turgut Kiran Maritime Faculty, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53900, Rize, Turkey/ Murat Yaylaci-Luzeri R&D Engineering Company, 53100, Rize, Turkey

Rachid Boughedaoui: Department of Materials Engineering, University Yahia Fares, Medea, Algeria

Şevval Öztürk: Department of Civil Engineering, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey

Ecren Uzun Yaylaci: Faculty of Fisheries, Recep Tayyip Erdogan University, 53100, Rize, Turkey

Mehmet Emin Özdemir: Department of Civil Engineering, Cankiri Karatekin University, 18100, Çankiri, Turkey

Abstract
This study investigates the enhancement of structural and dynamic performance in concrete materials through nano-modification using nano-alumina reinforcements. Emphasis is placed on curved concrete shell panels, where geometric complexity and material heterogeneity present challenges in mechanical stability and vibrational behavior. Nano-alumina particles are introduced in varying distribution patterns (Pattern A to Pattern X) to improve stiffness, mechanical strength, and overall durability. Through a detailed parametric analysis, the influence of foundation stiffness—represented by the dimensionless Winkler and Pasternak parameters on the relative frequency change (RFC) is evaluated. The study also assesses the impact of geometric ratios such as thickness-to-length and radius-to-length on natural frequencies. Results reveal that increasing nano-alumina content and optimizing its distribution lead to significant improvements in natural frequency response and relative frequency stability under various boundary and loading conditions. Comparative analysis with classical and higher-order shear deformation theories further validates the proposed model, demonstrating close agreement with Reddy's third-order shear predictions. These findings highlight the effectiveness of nano-modification in improving the dynamic behavior of concrete structures, suggesting promising applications in advanced construction materials and structural systems where vibration control and mechanical resilience are critical.

Key Words
curved concrete shell panels; nano-alumina reinforced concrete; nanocomposite structural enhancement; Pasternak and Winkler foundation models; relative frequency change

Address
Chunhua Huang and Shichao He: School of Intelligent Construction, Luzhou vocational and technical college, Luzhou 646000, China/ Luzhou Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Low-carbon Technology, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China

Zixun Xiong: Luzhou Xuxing Concrete Co., Ltd, Luzhou 646000, Sichuan, China

Belgacem Bouallegue: Department of Computer Engineering, College of Computer Science, King Khalid University, ABHA, 61421, Saudi Arabia

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